Chile | Colombia | Ecuador | Nicaragua | Peru | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Rural | Urban | Rural | ||
Common set of assetsa | Richest quartile | 0.79 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.43 | ||
Poorest quartile | −0.48 | −0.25 | −0.39 | −0.54 | −0.20 | −0.56 | −0.34 | |||
t-stat of difference | 10.68 | 6.57 | 9.22 | 8.09 | 5.29 | 10.74 | 5.30 | |||
Consumption | Richest quartile | 0.88 | 0.49 | 0.42 | ||||||
Poorest quartile | −0.43 | −0.23 | −0.21 | |||||||
t-stat of difference | 13.03 | 6.55 | 5.37 | |||||||
Maternal education | Highest education | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 1.12 | 0.33 | 0.63 |
Lowest education | −0.52 | −0.33 | −0.65 | −0.23 | −0.42 | −0.56 | −0.10 | −0.80 | −0.15 | |
t-stat of difference | 8.97 | 4.14 | 10.48 | 5.04 | 7.40 | 9.20 | 5.58 | 9.52 | 6.08 | |
Monolingual mothers | Richest quartile | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.48 | |||||
Poorest quartile | −0.39 | −0.57 | −0.40 | −0.47 | ||||||
t-stat of difference | 9.05 | 8.30 | 7.52 | 4.44 | ||||||
Using external norms | Richest quartile | 112.36 | 106.70 | 113.30 | 86.92 | 89.29 | 99.02 | 73.03 | 106.82 | 83.55 |
Poorest quartile | 96.65 | 90.32 | 88.55 | 78.29 | 73.62 | 75.08 | 65.62 | 86.99 | 69.20 | |
t-stat of difference | 6.63 | 6.70 | 13.15 | 6.86 | 9.24 | 8.23 | 5.98 | 8.47 | 5.10 | |
Lower and upper bound | Richest quartile | (0.38, 0.43) | (0.41, 0.52) | (0.76, 0.79) | (0.24, 0.25) | (0.39, 0.61) | (0.57, 0.68) | (0.35, 0.63) | (0.49, 0.51) | (0.35, 0.51) |
Poorest quartile | (−0.36, −0.40) | (−0.39, −0.46) | (−0.46, −0.47) | (−0.31, −0.32) | (−0.33, −0.46) | (−0.50, −0.60) | (−0.23, −0.36) | (−0.37, −0.47) | (−0.29, −0.43) | |
t-stat of difference | (11.40, 15.70) | (7.90, 7.80) | (13.70, 14.60) | (7.30, 7.60) | (7.30, 11.10) | (7.20, 8.80) | (5.00, 8.00) | (8.00, 8.50) | (3.80, 6.60) |
Notes: Clustering of standard errors is done at the community or census tract level (Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru) and region level (Chile). The calculations of the mean scores give equal weight to each month of age, within a country and by place of residence (urban or rural). The fraction of mothers with incomplete primary or less education is 3.5 percent for urban Chile, 7.8 percent for rural Chile, 12.3 percent for urban Colombia, 38.5 percent for rural Colombia, 14.3 percent for urban Ecuador, 20.1 percent for rural Ecuador, 68.5 percent for rural Nicaragua, 11.1 percent for urban Peru, and 51.3 percent for rural Peru. The fraction of mothers with complete secondary education or more is 66.3 percent for urban Chile, 42.5 percent for rural Chile, 53.5 percent for urban Colombia, 14.9 percent for rural Colombia, 26.5 percent for urban Ecuador, 23.8 percent for rural Ecuador, 3.7 percent for rural Nicaragua, 56.5 percent for urban Peru, and 13 percent for rural Peru. Children of mothers who speak only Spanish account for 83 percent of the sample in urban Peru, 44.2 percent in rural Peru, 98.7 percent in urban Ecuador, and 98.8 percent in rural Ecuador.
↵a. Assets include: car, type of floor, type of walls, electricity, access to piped water, and possession of cooking stove and refrigerator.