Selected Coefficients of LPM on Specific Grades - Twelfth Graders 2000–2009
| Dependent variable: C+ (77–79 percent) × 100 | Specification 1 | Specification 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explanatory variables | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
| Subjective school ability | −20.70 | (−28.2) | −20.59 | (−31.8) | ||||
| Educational expectationsa | ||||||||
| Army | 2.33 | (5.2) | 0.47 | (0.9) | 2.30 | (4.0) | 0.13 | (0.2) |
| Vocational | 0.37 | (1.0) | 0.88 | (2.3) | 0.13 | (0.2) | 0.17 | (0.2) |
| Two-year college | 5.95 | (15.2) | 3.45 | (11.6) | 4.88 | (10.6) | 2.00 | (5.4) |
| Four-year college | −5.34 | (−10.2) | −3.37 | (−7.7) | −4.02 | (−6.9) | −1.39 | (−2.8) |
| Graduate or professional | −5.10 | (−10.6) | −3.12 | (−8.6) | −2.76 | (−5.1) | −1.61 | (−3.8) |
| Education aspirationsb | ||||||||
| Army | −0.29 | (−0.7) | 0.29 | (0.6) | ||||
| Vocational | 0.24 | (0.6) | 0.73 | (1.8) | ||||
| Two-year college | −0.29 | (−0.8) | 0.49 | (1.6) | ||||
| Four-year college | 1.30 | (3.4) | −0.76 | (−2.2) | ||||
| Graduate or professional | −0.77 | (−2.3) | −0.15 | (−0.5) | ||||
| High school program | ||||||||
| Academic | −4.47 | (−8.2) | −5.98 | (−13.4) | −2.34 | (−4.3) | −3.90 | (−8.7) |
| General | −0.18 | (−0.3) | −1.91 | (−4.2) | 0.45 | (0.8) | −1.42 | (−3.2) |
| Vocational | −1.72 | (−2.5) | −1.51 | (−2.4) | −0.46 | (−0.7) | −0.64 | (−1.0) |
| Cigarette smoking: less than one-half pack | 1.87 | (5.4) | 2.94 | (10.4) | 1.27 | (3.7) | 2.43 | (8.7) |
| Alcohol binging last 2 weeks: two to nine times | 1.53 | (4.3) | 1.71 | (5.0) | 1.37 | (3.4) | 1.36 | (4.0) |
| Father not same household | 1.04 | (3.0) | 1.73 | (6.6) | 0.87 | (2.5) | 1.59 | (6.2) |
| Mother working: all the time | 1.54 | (3.8) | 1.51 | (4.7) | 1.38 | (3.4) | 1.27 | (3.4) |
| Father: some high school | 0.83 | (1.6) | 2.12 | (5.6) | 0.62 | (1.3) | 1.88 | (5.0) |
| Mother: some high school | 1.50 | (2.6) | 0.71 | (1.7) | 1.29 | (2.3) | 0.55 | (1.3) |
| Works over school year | 1.00 | (1.0) | 2.28 | (2.4) | 0.60 | (0.6) | 1.71 | (1.8) |
| Constant | 7.88 | (10.2) | 6.90 | (11.1) | 20.07 | (21.5) | 19.54 | (25.1) |
| R-squared | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||
| Number of observations | 49,328 | 56,156 | 49,328 | 56,156 | ||||
Notes: Dependent variable is set to 100 if the student has a GPA of 2.3, and to 0 otherwise. T-statistics are in parentheses. The base group for Alcohol binging and Cigarette smoking is none, Mother working is not working, Father’s and Mother’s education is high school, for High school program is other. The coefficients of the other variables and categories included in the regression are reported in Fortin, Oreopoulos, and Phipps (2013).
↵a Index of educational expectations constructed from the four categories: definitively won’t, probably won’t, probably will, definitively will.
↵b Educational aspirations measured with binary variable: want to attend.