Table 2

Treatment Effects on Literacy (Standardized Literacy Outcomes)

	Knowledge of Letter Sounds	Reading of Nonwords	Fluency of Oral Reading	Reading Comprehension	Literacy Score
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Treatment × End of Grade 3	0.349^***	0.073	0.157^***	0.001	0.270^***
	[0.059]	[0.050]	[0.049]	[0.044]	[0.056]
Treatment × Beginning of Grade 4	0.312^***	0.105^*	0.192^**	0.150^**	0.264^***
	[0.069]	[0.056]	[0.077]	[0.062]	[0.075]
Treatment × End of Grade 4	0.300^***	0.088^**	0.083	0.055	0.152^***
	[0.055]	[0.041]	[0.053]	[0.053]	[0.051]
Observations	4,949	6,362	6,362	6,362	6,362
p-value of equal coeffs.	0.726	0.881	0.272	0.103	0.065
Baseline control mean (non-std.)	15.02	26.94	46.32	3.303	0.507
Baseline control SD (non-std.)	11.36	10.04	13.81	1.877	0.142

Notes: Each column shows the coefficients θ_h of Equation 2, that is, the estimated treatment effects at different time horizons for each outcome of interest. The row labeled “p-value of equal coeffs.” shows the p-value of a test H₀ : θ₁ = θ₂ = θ₃. Control mean and SD correspond to the number of correct answers (Columns 1–4) or the percent of correct answers (Column 5). All models include cohort, year, and strata fixed effects. Standard errors, shown in brackets, are clustered at the school level (the unit of randomization). Significance: ^*p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.