Table 3

Exploration of Nonlinear Effects of K–12 School Foot Traffic on Youth and Young Adult Suicides, Pooled 2019 and 2020

Youth Ages 12–18Young Adults Ages 19–25
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
K–12 foot traffic ≥ 80%0.251***0.148*0.162**−0.01300.00203−0.000518
(0.0591)(0.0778)(0.0754)(0.0371)(0.0392)(0.0393)
50% ≤ K–12 foot traffic <80%0.200***0.1070.111−0.0291−0.0153−0.0156
(0.0708)(0.0868)(0.0863)(0.0282)(0.0327)(0.0327)
20% ≤ K–12 foot traffic <50%0.105*0.07350.0717−0.0302−0.0259−0.0289
(0.0576)(0.0606)(0.0598)(0.0234)(0.0235)(0.0236)
Observations74,66074,66074,66074,66074,66074,660
County fixed effects?YesYesYesYesYesYes
Year fixed effects?YesYesYesYesYesYes
Restaurant–bar foot traffic?YesYesYesYesYesYes
COVID-19 deaths?YesYesYesYesYesYes
Macro econ controls?YesYesYesYesYesYes
Summer months FE?NoYesYesNoYesYes
Census division-by-year FE?NoNoYesNoNoYes
  • Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Each regression uses population in each county times the number of days in a month as an exposure variable. COVID-19 deaths are coded as zero until the first documented COVID-19 related deaths, which occurred in March 2020. The reference group K–12 school foot traffic less than 20 percent of the January–February 2020 level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.