Exploration of Nonlinear Effects of K–12 School Foot Traffic on Youth and Young Adult Suicides, Pooled 2019 and 2020
Youth Ages 12–18 | Young Adults Ages 19–25 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
K–12 foot traffic ≥ 80% | 0.251*** | 0.148* | 0.162** | −0.0130 | 0.00203 | −0.000518 |
(0.0591) | (0.0778) | (0.0754) | (0.0371) | (0.0392) | (0.0393) | |
50% ≤ K–12 foot traffic <80% | 0.200*** | 0.107 | 0.111 | −0.0291 | −0.0153 | −0.0156 |
(0.0708) | (0.0868) | (0.0863) | (0.0282) | (0.0327) | (0.0327) | |
20% ≤ K–12 foot traffic <50% | 0.105* | 0.0735 | 0.0717 | −0.0302 | −0.0259 | −0.0289 |
(0.0576) | (0.0606) | (0.0598) | (0.0234) | (0.0235) | (0.0236) | |
Observations | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 |
County fixed effects? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effects? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Restaurant–bar foot traffic? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
COVID-19 deaths? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Macro econ controls? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Summer months FE? | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Census division-by-year FE? | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Each regression uses population in each county times the number of days in a month as an exposure variable. COVID-19 deaths are coded as zero until the first documented COVID-19 related deaths, which occurred in March 2020. The reference group K–12 school foot traffic less than 20 percent of the January–February 2020 level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.