Table 2

Poisson Estimates of Effect of County-Level K–12 Foot Traffic on Youth and Young Adult Suicides, Pooled 2019 and 2020

	Youth Ages 12–18					Young Adults Ages 19–25
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
K–12 foot traffic	0.163^***	0.198^***	0.231^***	0.134^*	0.149^**	−0.0231	−0.00427	−0.00694	0.00430	0.00377
	(0.0549)	(0.0580)	(0.0556)	(0.0740)	(0.0717)	(0.0213)	(0.0191)	(0.0241)	(0.0239)	(0.0240)
Restaurant foot traffic			0.0773	0.155^***	0.154^***			0.0790^**	0.0689^*	0.0635^*
			(0.0560)	(0.0556)	(0.0545)			(0.0361)	(0.0371)	(0.0374)
Any COVID deaths			0.0786	0.0835	0.0694			0.0497	0.0465	0.0455
			(0.0513)	(0.0512)	(0.0527)			(0.0432)	(0.0437)	(0.0441)
County death rate			0.913^**	0.717	1.048^**			0.282	0.319	0.265
			(0.461)	(0.453)	(0.514)			(0.484)	(0.488)	(0.453)
Personal income			−0.0639	−0.0564	0.0174			−0.288^*	−0.290^*	−0.155
			(0.210)	(0.208)	(0.198)			(0.149)	(0.149)	(0.180)
Unemployment rate			0.0389^**	0.0400^**	0.0447^***			−0.00111	−0.00130	0.00259
			(0.0174)	(0.0171)	(0.0165)			(0.0110)	(0.0111)	(0.0103)
Divorce rate			0.0979	0.0919	0.196^*			0.115^*	0.116^*	0.118
			(0.134)	(0.132)	(0.109)			(0.0617)	(0.0618)	(0.0765)
Observations	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660	74,660
County fixed effects?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effects?	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Restaurant–bar foot traffic?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
COVID-19 deaths?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Macro econ controls?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Summer months FE?	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Census division-by-year FE?	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes

Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Each regression uses population in each county times the number of days in a month as an exposure variable. COVID-19 deaths are coded as zero until the first documented COVID-19 related deaths, which occurred in March 2020. ^*p < 0.1, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.