Table 4

Difference-in-Differences Estimates by State School Stability Level, Nationwide (Optum)

	Boys	Girls
	(1)	(2)
Panel A: Fixed-Effect Poisson Coefficient Estimates
Pandemic	−0.138^***	−0.0398
	(0.0401)	(0.0503)
Pandemic × Medium stability	0.0191	−0.0884
	(0.0505)	(0.0598)
Pandemic × High stability	0.0917^*	−0.103
	(0.0475)	(0.0631)
Observations	42,674	42,351
Panel B: Overall Percent Changes
Low stability	−0.129^***	−0.0390
	(0.0349)	(0.0483)
Medium stability	−0.112^***	−0.120^***
	(0.0279)	(0.0297)
High stability	−0.0452^*	−0.133^***
	(0.0251)	(0.0348)
Observations	42,674	42,351

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. ^*p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01. This table presents difference-in-differences estimates by state school stability levels. Panel A presents Poisson regression coefficients. Panel B presents the percent change for each group by exponentiating the appropriate sum of coefficients and subtracting one. The 95 percent confidence intervals are derived using the delta method. Standard errors are clustered at the state by cohort level.