Estimated Effects of School Foot Traffic on Youth and Young Adult Suicides: Weekdays versus Weekends
| Youth Ages 12–18 | Young Adults Ages 19–25 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Panel I: Weekdays (Monday–Thursday) | ||||||||||
| K–12 foot traffic | 0.165** | 0.243*** | 0.246*** | 0.121 | 0.138 | 0.0102 | 0.0139 | −0.000234 | 0.0260 | 0.0264 |
| (0.0646) | (0.0648) | (0.0668) | (0.0905) | (0.0891) | (0.0223) | (0.0225) | (0.0261) | (0.0287) | (0.0282) | |
| Panel II: Weekends (F-Sun) | ||||||||||
| K–12 foot traffic | 0.162** | 0.125 | 0.204** | 0.141 | 0.152 | −0.0853** | −0.0428 | −0.0256 | −0.0653 | −0.0666 |
| (0.0703) | (0.0787) | (0.0941) | (0.122) | (0.121) | (0.0369) | (0.0346) | (0.0483) | (0.0520) | (0.0540) | |
| Observations | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 | 74,660 |
| County fixed effects? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year fixed effects? | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Restaurant/bar foot traffic? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| COVID-19 deaths? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Macro econ controls? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Summer months FE? | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Census division-by-year FE? | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Each regression uses population in each county times the number of days in a month as an exposure variable. COVID-19 deaths are coded as zero until the first documented COVID-19 related deaths, which occurred in March 2020. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.