Association between Physician Health Management Skills and Cardiovascular Disease–Related Hospitalization Expenditures
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: No Individual Fixed Effects | |||
| HMS | −0.298*** | −0.286*** | −0.264*** |
| (×100) | (0.101) | (0.0986) | (0.0939) |
| Panel B: Individual Fixed Effects | |||
| HMS | −0.267*** | −0.281*** | −0.257*** |
| (×100) | (0.0914) | (0.0913) | (0.0919) |
| Observations | 2,601,554 | 2,601,554 | 2,601,554 |
| Mean hosp. exp. (1,000 DKK) | 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 |
| R-squared | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
| Time | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Region | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ind. cov. | No | Yes | Yes |
| Comorbidities | No | No | Yes |
Notes: The outcome measure is the log of CVD-related hospitalization costs over a six-month period. Linear regression models. Standard errors are clustered at the clinic level. Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered on the clinic level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.