Table A3

Exploring Alternative Ideals and Reference Groups

1234567891011
Baseline (Median)Use 20th PercentileUse 30th PercentileUse 40th PercentileUse 60th PercentileUse 70th PercentileUse 80th PercentileReference Group is 25–49 FTFY workersRandomly Generated Reference Group MedianReference Group is Defined by Race/Eth.Reference Group is Defined by Education
Panel A. Native non-Hispanic white men
Ratio income/ideal if under reference percentile0.3813**0.1142**0.2128**0.2782**0.2698**0.2070**0.1085**0.3900**0.00580.2866**0.3663**
(0.0251)(0.0323)(0.0288)(0.0463)(0.0549)(0.0387)(0.0290)(0.0276)(0.0037)(0.0404)(0.0322)
Ratio income/ideal if over reference percentile−0.0298*0.0307**0.0297**0.0288**0.0454**0.0641**0.0924**0.0286+0.0065+0.01230.0179
(0.0143)(0.0051)(0.0065)(0.0096)(0.0151)(0.0185)(0.0219)(0.0154)(0.0039)(0.0157)(0.0136)
Slope change0.4111**0.1449**0.2425**0.3070**0.3151**0.2711**0.2008**0.4186**0.00070.2990**0.3842**
(0.0281)(0.0318)(0.0285)(0.0426)(0.0520)(0.0369)(0.0195)(0.0302)(0.0013)(0.0409)(0.0389)
Panel B. Native non-Hispanic Black men
Ratio income/ideal if under reference percentile0.1619**0.1140*0.2881**0.3113**0.4018**0.4584**0.4356**0.1499**0.00210.2207**0.3345**
(0.0375)(0.0491)(0.0621)(0.0777)(0.0888)(0.0705)(0.0569)(0.0415)(0.0083)(0.0577)(0.0747)
Ratio income/ideal if over reference percentile0.02540.0438**0.0736**0.0905**0.0675*0.03580.01180.02450.00220.0754**0.0404+
(0.0153)(0.0154)(0.0226)(0.0261)(0.0260)(0.0319)(0.0447)(0.0166)(0.0081)(0.0207)(0.0204)
Slope change0.1365**0.07020.2145**0.2208**0.3342**0.4226**0.4238**0.1255**0.00440.1453**0.2941**
(0.0343)(0.0484)(0.0482)(0.0612)(0.0840)(0.0667)(0.0629)(0.0371)(0.0037)(0.0463)(0.0704)
Panel C. Native Hispanic Men
Ratio income/ideal if under reference percentile0.2644**0.03430.2110**0.2621**0.1960*0.2606**0.1954**0.2291**0.00030.2846**0.3298**
(0.0546)(0.0475)(0.0544)(0.0639)(0.0863)(0.0695)(0.0560)(0.0655)(0.0123)(0.0620)(0.0809)
Ratio income/ideal if over reference percentile0.04040.00370.01980.01730.02140.05180.07650.0533*0.00410.0120.0185
(0.0242)(0.0175)(0.0211)(0.0274)(0.0419)(0.0536)(0.0712)(0.0258)(0.0118)(0.0293)(0.0242)
Slope change0.3048**0.03060.1912**0.2448**0.2174*0.3124**0.2719**0.2824**0.00390.2967**0.3113**
(0.0558)(0.0407)(0.0512)(0.0625)(0.0916)(0.0818)(0.0808)(0.0700)(0.0044)(0.0620)(0.0777)

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses are clustered on CMSA. +, *, ** indicate statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1 percent level respectively. Each column within a panel represents a separate regression. Regressions use baseline specification with changes as indicated and include adjusted income category dummies interacted with year and education and all other controls. See text for more details.