Effects of Public Kindergarten Enrollment on Maternal Labor Supply, Single Mothers of Five-year-olds, QOB Dummies as Instruments
| 1980 | 2000 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Average Using School | Estimate | Percent Change | Average Using School | Estimate | Percent Change |
| With No Younger Children | ||||||
| Current employment | 0.623 | 0.057 | 10% | 0.834 | −0.005 | −1% |
| (0.021) | (0.017) | |||||
| Employment in prior year | 0.724 | 0.042 | 6% | 0.674 | −0.002 | 0% |
| (0.020) | (0.013) | |||||
| Weeks worked in prior year | 29.8 | 3.64 | 14% | 36.4 | −0.24 | −1% |
| (0.97) | (0.71) | |||||
| Usual hours per week in prior year | 26.6 | 2.20 | 9% | 31.67 | −0.04 | 0% |
| (0.82) | (0.59) | |||||
| Wage and salary Income, prior year | 12,903 | 2,223 | 21% | 16,127 | −1335 | −9% |
| (583) | (991) | |||||
| Welfare receipt in prior year | 0.317 | −0.048 | −13% | 0.170 | 0.006 | 4% |
| (0.020) | (0.013) | |||||
| Number of observations | 10,928 | 51,382 | ||||
| With Younger Children | ||||||
| Current employment | 0.357 | −0.019 | −5% | 0.522 | −0.025 | 4% |
| (0.025) | (0.024) | |||||
| Employment in prior year | 0.506 | 0.022 | 5% | 0.742 | 0.021 | 3% |
| (0.026) | (0.020) | |||||
| Weeks worked in prior year | 16.6 | 0.25 | 2% | 28.4 | 0.49 | 2% |
| (1.07) | (1.02) | |||||
| Usual hours per week in prior year | 18.01 | 0.44 | 3% | 27.42 | 0.63 | 2% |
| (1.03) | (0.88) | |||||
| Wage and salary Income, prior year | 6,106 | −176 | −3% | 10,913 | 1,280 | 13% |
| (531) | (844) | |||||
| Welfare receipt in prior year | 0.543 | 0.009 | 2% | 0.294 | 0.002 | 1% |
| (0.026) | (0.022) | |||||
| Number of observations | 6,878 | 27,178 | ||||
Notes: Based on the author’s calculations using the 1980 Census PUMS and the 2000 Restricted Access Long Form Data. Estimates are from a 2SLS estimation of the outcome indicated on public kindergarten enrollment using quarter-of-birth dummy variables as the excluded instruments. Standard errors are in parentheses. Population weights are used when available. Regressions include state fixed effects and the set of controls described in the text. The “Average Using School” column presents the average of each outcome for the relevant sample of mothers whose children are enrolled in public school. Percent changes are estimated changes in the outcomes due to public school enrollment calculated as described in the text. Numbers in bold are significant at the 5 percent level or lower.