Table 11

Second-Stage Regressions—Time-Constraint Mechanism (10–15-years-old)

	Narrow spacing				Wide spacing
	2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns		2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Labor force participation
Family size	0.040***	0.025**	−0.078	0.032	0.008	0.007	0.002	0.019
	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.049)	(0.052)	(0.011)	(0.007)	(0.016)	(0.014)
N	70,003	65,976	4,731	4,598	78,103	73,238	36,760	35,017
Household chore activities
Family size	−0.000	0.015	0.002	−0.016	0.004	0.007	0.000	0.012
	(0.006)	(0.013)	(0.020)	(0.053)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.016)
N	60,073	62,527	3,779	4,261	69,643	70,527	31,594	33,333
Attendance
Family size	−0.024*	−0.021	−0.046	0.012	−0.006	−0.012	−0.030*	0.002
	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.067)	(0.063)	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.018)	(0.018)
N	70,003	65,976	4,731	4,598	78,103	73,238	36,760	35,017
School progression
Family size	−0.016	−0.022**	−0.048	0.027	−0.032***	−0.031***	−0.029***	−0.028**
	(0.010)	(0.011)	(0.038)	(0.036)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.011)
N	69,964	65,952	4,728	4,593	78,055	73,206	36,736	35,002
Literacy
Family size	−0.034**	−0.007	−0.046	−0.002	−0.009	−0.010	−0.016	−0.018
	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.053)	(0.052)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.015)	(0.015)
N	70,003	65,976	4,731	4,598	78,103	73,238	36,760	35,017

Robust standard errors in parenthesis. School Progression ≡ education/(age-6). Instrumental variable: occurrence of twins in the second (2+Sample) or in the third (3+Sample) births. Sample: Children aged in ∈ [10,15] living with two adults (the mother and her husband)Control variables: Year and state dummies; head’s schooling, gender and age; mother’s schooling and age; child’s age, squared age and gender; dummy variable if the family lives in urban areas and if the family lives in metropolitan areas. Narrow spacing: difference between the first birth and the births of twins is equal or less than two years. Wide spacing: difference between the first birth and the births of twins is greater than two years.