Table 1

Summary statistics—10–15-years-old

	2+ Sample			3+ Sample			3+ Sample First Born
Variable	Mean	Standard deviation	N	Mean	Standard deviation	N	Mean	Standard deviation	N
Boys
Labor force participation	0.14	0.35	148,242	0.15	0.36	145,296	0.17	0.38	92,272
Household chore activities	0.02	0.12	129,844	0.02	0.13	126,484	0.02	0.13	78,190
School progression	0.71	0.31	148,155	0.64	0.32	145,231	0.64	0.32	92,214
Literacy	0.91	0.29	148,242	0.87	0.34	145,296	0.87	0.34	92,272
Attendance	0.86	0.35	148,292	0.83	0.38	145,296	0.82	0.39	92,272
Family size	3.12	1.28	148,242	3.83	1.22	145,296	3.79	1.19	92,272
Presence of twins	0.01	0.11	148,242	0.01	0.11	145,296	0.01	0.11	92,272
Head’s schooling	5.35	4.40	148,201	4.57	4.15	145,256	4.59	4.16	92,244
Head’s gender	0.83	0.37	148,242	0.86	0.34	145,296	0.86	0.33	92,272
Head’s age	38.68	6.16	148,242	38.60	6.06	145,296	38.37	6.09	92,272
Mother’s schooling	5.41	4.10	148,143	4.67	3.87	145,192	4.87	3.88	92,207
Mother’s age	34.65	4.90	148,242	34.82	4.63	145,296	34.10	4.66	92,272
Child’s age	12.35	1.70	148,242	12.11	1.63	145,296	12.50	1.70	92,272
White	0.60	0.49	148,242	0.53	0.50	145,296	0.53	0.50	92,272
Urban area	0.74	0.44	148,242	0.68	0.47	145,296	0.75	0.43	92,272
Metropolitan area	0.27	0.44	148,242	0.23	0.42	145,296	0.23	0.42	92,272
Second child	—	—	—	0.33	0.40	145,296	—	—	—
Girls
Labor force participation	0.06	0.23	139,360	0.06	0.23	138,815	0.07	0.25	87,635
Household chore activities	0.07	0.25	133,195	0.09	0.28	132,449	0.09	0.29	82,859
School progression	0.76	0.30	139,302	0.71	0.31	138,768	0.71	0.31	87,597
Literacy	0.94	0.24	139,360	0.91	0.29	138,815	0.92	0.28	87,635
Attendance	0.88	0.33	139,360	0.85	0.36	138,815	0.84	0.36	87,635
Family size	3.13	1.27	139,360	3.83	1.21	138,815	3.79	1.17	87,635
Presence of twins	0.01	0.11	139,360	0.01	0.12	138,815	0.01	0.11	87,635
Head’s schooling	5.37	4.38	139,311	4.59	4.14	138,772	4.63	4.14	87,606
Head’s gender	0.84	0.37	139,360	0.85	0.36	138,815	0.85	0.35	87,635
Head’s age	38.65	6.16	139,360	38.58	6.07	138,815	38.32	6.07	87,635
Mother’s schooling	5.43	4.09	139,260	4.69	3.86	138,728	4.74	3.86	87,583
Mother’s age	34.61	4.89	139,360	34.29	4.63	138,815	34.03	4.64	87,635
Child’s age	12.33	1.70	139,360	12.10	1.62	138,815	12.46	1.69	87,635
White	0.62	0.49	139,360	0.55	0.50	138,815	0.55	0.50	87,635
Urban area	0.74	0.44	139,360	0.69	0.46	138,815	0.69	0.46	87,635
Metropolitan area	0.27	0.45	139,360	0.23	0.42	138,815	0.23	0.42	87,635
Second child	—	—	—	0.34	0.41	138,815	—	—	—