Table 12

Second-Stage Regressions—Time-Constraint Mechanism (18–20-year-olds)

	Narrow spacing				Wide spacing
	2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns		2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Labor force participation
Family size	0.013	0.014	−0.168	0.016	−0.044*	0.025	0.005	0.045
	(0.030)	(0.039)	(0.217)	(0.130)	(0.025)	(0.031)	(0.022)	(0.032)
N	18,868	13,657	1,346	1,000	20,060	14,952	27,069	19,585
Household chore activities
Family size	0.023	−0.041	−0.022	0.610	0.028	0.019	−0.001	0.092**
	(0.031)	(0.044)	(0.017)	(0.586)	(0.022)	(0.031)	(0.015)	(0.046)
N	6,369	7,854	415	568	7,746	8,881	9,259	11,419
Attendance
Family size	0.015	−0.036	0.121	−0.259*	0.007	−0.006	0.001	−0.048
	(0.034)	(0.038)	(0.261)	(0.156)	(0.024)	(0.030)	(0.023)	(0.031)
N	18,868	13,657	1,346	1,000	20,060	14,952	27,069	19,585
School progression
Family size	−0.006	−0.057***	0.066	−0.172*	−0.004	−0.028**	−0.023	−0.038**
	(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.130)	(0.096)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.018)
N	18,836	13,627	1,345	998	20,025	14,935	12,240	9,004
Literacy
Family size	0.007	−0.012	−0.112	−0.121	0.008	0.004	0.019	−0.001
	(0.020)	(0.017)	(0.174)	(0.116)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.020)	(0.019)
N	18,868	13,657	1,346	1,000	20,060	14,952	12,259	9,016
Completed years of school
Family size	0.062	−0.590**	−0.931	−1.333	−0.253	−0.120	−0.198	−0.574***
	(0.237)	(0.259)	(1.966)	(0.947)	(0.163)	(0.245)	(0.171)	(0.219)
N	11,771	6,723	914	540	11,485	6,638	16,928	9,542
High school
Family size	−0.029	−0.059**	−0.160	−0.024	−0.004	−0.029	−0.017	−0.067***
	(0.021)	(0.029)	(0.128)	(0.077)	(0.016)	(0.023)	(0.013)	(0.021)
N	18,868	13,657	1,346	1,000	20,060	14,952	27,069	19,585
College attendance
Family size	−0.007	−0.019	−0.054	−0.049	0.009	−0.002	−0.002	−0.041***
	(0.014)	(0.021)	(0.045)	(0.081)	(0.012)	(0.018)	(0.009)	(0.015)
N	18,868	13,657	1,346	1,000	20,060	14,952	27,069	19,585

Robust standard errors in parenthesis. School Progression ≡ education/(age-6). Instrumental variable: occurrence of twins in the 2nd (2+Sample) or in the 3rd (3+Sample) births. Sample: Individuals aged in ∈ [18,20] living with two adults (the mother and her husband). Control variables: Year and state dummies; head’s schooling, gender and age; mother’s schooling and age; individual’s age, squared age and gender; dummy variable if the family lives in urban areas and if the family lives in metropolitan areas. Narrow spacing: difference between the first birth and the births of twins is equal or less than two years. Wide spacing: difference between the first birth and the births of twins is greater than two years.