Table A1

Distance to Primary School and Child Labor (dependent variable: work)

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Distance to primary school	0.422***	0.184	_0.131	_0.258
	(0.140)	(0.225)	(0.231)	(0.229)
Girl	8.0042***	8.4642***	8.2562***	5.1992***
	(1.852)	(1.972)	(1.943)	(1.753)
Age	8	11.482***	11.462***	11.432***	9.1402***
	(1.947)	(2.063)	(2.051)	(1.881)
Age 9	14.632***	14.362***	14.062***	11.302***
	(1.982)	(2.025)	(2.006)	(1.833)
Age 10	18.912***	19.182***	19.382***	17.062***
	(1.877)	(1.897)	(1.873)	(1.718)
Age 11	19.612***	19.492***	19.162***	18.012***
	(2.116)	(2.171)	(2.154)	(1.945)
Age 12	20.882***	_5.7892***	_6.5702***	_3.7622**
	(1.918)	(1.709)	(1.704)	(1.663)
Age 13	24.242***	_2.564	_2.874	—
	(2.006)	(1.909)	(1.895)	—
Age 14	26.832***	—	—	2.985*
	(2.006)	—	—	(1.726)
Daughter of head	_0.866	_1.570	_1.295	2.015
	(2.112)	(2.225)	(2.191)	(1.988)
Child of spouse	6.066*	5.623	6.725*	6.4022**
	(3.298)	(3.515)	(3.490)	(3.129)
Grandchild of head/spouse	1.369	0.458	0.244	0.703
	(1.886)	(2.546)	(2.520)	(2.193)
Other relative	2.248	2.726	2.949	2.306
	(2.064)	(2.398)	(2.375)	(2.079)
Other nonrelative	20.49*	16.832**	17.702**	7.718
	(11.55)	(7.140)	(6.908)	(7.571)
Age of the head		_0.0359	_0.0249	_0.00619
		(0.0778)	(0.0765)	(0.0628)
Age of the head’s spouse		_0.0521	_0.0577	0.0433
		(0.0913)	(0.0906)	(0.0742)
Gender of the head		1.708	0.824	_3.941
		(2.768)	(2.724)	(2.412)
Owns land		0.07082***	0.06232**	0.0172
		(0.0274)	(0.0263)	(0.0328)
Number of rooms		0.0437	0.0984	0.00937
		(0.312)	(0.307)	(0.288)
Number of cattle owned		_0.00974	_0.0212	_0.0281
		(0.0430)	(0.0440)	(0.0405)
Number of sheep owned		0.00788*	0.009032**	0.01502***
		(0.00442)	(0.00455)	(0.00482)
Head had fewer meals than usual		_3.3052**	_2.866*	_0.776
		(1.546)	(1.539)	(1.403)
Number of meals per day		3.2712**	3.3342***	_0.924
		(1.273)	(1.267)	(1.326)
Has electricity		3.486	3.049	5.387*
		(3.773)	(3.666)	(3.095)
Head’s highest completed grade (excluding no education)
Standard 1		10.47	9.203	7.914
		(6.458)	(6.637)	(6.672)
Standard 2		6.831	6.857	8.433*
		(5.038)	(4.765)	(4.498)
Standard 3		_2.767	_2.951	_2.116
		(5.483)	(5.495)	(4.042)
Standard 4		_1.216	_1.428	_2.357
		(2.456)	(2.403)	(2.051)
Standard 5		6.210	5.692	_0.762
		(5.516)	(5.438)	(5.054)
Standard 6		_0.352	_0.440	_3.701
		(4.339)	(4.316)	(3.739)
Standard 7		_1.347	_1.451	0.922
		(1.956)	(1.933)	(1.689)
Standard 8		_1.753	_1.866	_6.673
		(4.449)	(4.443)	(4.261)
Post-primary course		10.562**	10.942**	9.022*
		(5.103)	(4.981)	(4.637)
Formal 1		19.722**	20.332***	19.602***
		(8.579)	(7.721)	(6.341)
Formal 2		_29.362**	_25.73*	_27.192***
		(14.19)	(15.47)	(8.468)
Formal 3		21.29	16.95	13.38
		(16.11)	(16.25)	(22.02)
Formal 4		_12.452***	_11.212**	_6.470*
		(4.441)	(4.379)	(3.750)
Post-secondary course		10.26	10.16	9.383*
		(6.798)	(6.666)	(5.084)
Formal 5		23.78	23.22*	18.89*
		(15.20)	(13.48)	(10.16)
Formal 6		_2.471	0.171	7.449
		(14.53)	(13.81)	(9.145)
Post formal 6 course		1.289	_0.906	_14.86
		(18.09)	(18.52)	(18.35)
Diploma course		_8.174	_7.238	_3.831
		(9.829)	(10.22)	(8.321)
Other certificate		10.57	11.21	2.710
		(8.870)	(8.455)	(7.082)
University degree		15.48	13.50	14.57
		(11.02)	(11.05)	(12.10)
Adult education only		2.008	2.270	0.230
		(3.425)	(3.386)	(2.751)
Owns land		0.07082***	0.06232**	0.0172
		(0.0274)	(0.0263)	(0.0328)
Number of rooms		0.0437	0.0984	0.00937
		(0.312)	(0.307)	(0.288)
Number of cattle owned		_0.00974	_0.0212	_0.0281
		(0.0430)	(0.0440)	(0.0405)
Number of sheep owned		0.00788*	0.009032**	0.01502***
		(0.00442)	(0.00455)	(0.00482)
Head had fewer meals than usual		_3.3052**	_2.866*	_0.776
		(1.546)	(1.539)	(1.403)
Number of meals per day		3.2712**	3.3342***	_0.924
		(1.273)	(1.267)	(1.326)
Has electricity		3.486	3.049	5.387*
		(3.773)	(3.666)	(3.095)
Type of Toilet (excluding no toilet)
Flush toilet		_13.20*	_13.50*	_2.197
		(7.402)	(7.614)	(6.965)
Pit latrine		_8.5682***	_8.1552***	3.186
		(2.455)	(2.569)	(2.594)
VIP		_21.782**	_19.25*	7.071
		(9.871)	(9.822)	(8.151)
Other		17.892***	16.832***	4.120
		(5.745)	(5.963)	(7.421)
Type of floor (excluding earth)
Concrete/Cement		_2.576	_2.323	_0.446
		(2.333)	(2.319)	(1.945)
Other		4.505	4.866	1.869
		(5.812)	(5.767)	(5.053)
Type of walls (excluding poles)
Poles and mud		3.941*	4.032*	5.1492**
		(2.068)	(2.075)	(2.033)
Mud only		2.395	2.507	1.911
		(2.252)	(2.268)	(2.455)
Mud bricks		0.459	1.379	0.0337
		(2.107)	(2.145)	(2.244)
Backed/burnt bricks		_1.865	_1.210	0.989
		(2.558)	(2.570)	(2.811)
Concrete/cement		_3.029	_3.066	_0.689
		(4.110)	(4.091)	(3.492)
Other		4.965	4.150	_3.843
		(7.004)	(7.174)	(7.715)
Type of roof (excluding grass/leaves)
Mud and grass		_2.192	_3.024	_1.886
		(2.247)	(2.252)	(2.869)
Metal sheets		_2.019	_2.674	_1.121
		(1.773)	(1.753)	(1.633)
Asbestos sheets		_13.74	_18.05	_10.03
		(13.28)	(13.36)	(14.07)
Tiles		20.83	19.38	_0.643
		(19.86)	(20.19)	(22.12)
Other		4.577	1.916	_15.582**
		(6.965)	(6.867)	(6.718)
Type of water access (excluding private, in house)
Private, outside		2.950	1.943	_7.128
		(6.225)	(6.138)	(5.809)
Neighbor		_3.928	_5.396	_8.000
		(6.799)	(6.715)	(6.154)
In community		_0.892	_1.022	_3.624
		(5.666)	(5.628)	(5.488)
Rain catchment		_16.38	_16.22	_9.327
		(12.65)	(13.67)	(12.41)
Public well protected		_3.893	_3.824	_6.477
		(5.814)	(5.779)	(5.894)
Public well unprotected		_2.720	_3.054	_3.806
		(5.703)	(5.664)	(5.753)
Private well protected		_8.569	_7.654	_7.419
		(7.375)	(7.303)	(6.904)
Private well unprotected		_6.164	_6.808	_8.575
		(6.665)	(6.672)	(6.704)
Spring protected		8.559	6.523	_5.194
		(6.635)	(6.616)	(7.088)
Spring unprotected		2.881	2.051	_1.245
		(5.787)	(5.726)	(5.745)
River/dam/lake		_5.095	_4.319	_6.283
		(5.774)	(5.742)	(5.926)
Other		1.719	1.584	3.438
		(11.84)	(10.47)	(10.11)
Distance to nearest facilities
Police			0.0358	0.0267
			(0.0366)	(0.0386)
Traditional birth attendant			0.4052***	0.296
			(0.107)	(0.187)
Religious center			0.422	_0.142
			(0.295)	(0.268)
Primary court			0.1992***	0.0808
			(0.0480)	(0.0834)
Hospital			0.0188	_0.09292**
			(0.0344)	(0.0381)
Water source (dry season)			0.2452**	_0.0436
			(0.119)	(0.0757)
Firewood source			0.0639	_0.0944
			(0.0694)	(0.0826)
Market			0.3722***	_0.0197
			(0.126)	(0.171)
Shop			0.0682	0.167
			(0.197)	(0.212)
Health center			_0.106	_0.0382
			(0.110)	(0.117)
Secondary school			_0.2372***	0.0111
			(0.0471)	(0.0757)
Bank			_0.0107	0.08922**
			(0.0346)	(0.0434)
Post office			_0.0499	_0.0462
			(0.0384)	(0.0504)
Public transport			_0.142*	0.00304
			(0.0841)	(0.117)
Milling machine			0.3252**	0.7262***
			(0.138)	(0.262)
Community center			_0.0296	_0.107
			(0.105)	(0.110)
Cooperative society			_0.0601	_0.1632**
			(0.0490)	(0.0649)
Seasonal dummies (excluding January)
February	_3.601	_1.659	_2.546	_1.037
	(3.913)	(4.636)	(4.581)	(4.303)
March	_10.302**	_9.0732**	_9.6222**	_9.8042**
	(4.258)	(4.567)	(4.537)	(4.377)
April	_0.364	_0.0376	_0.614	0.355
	(4.154)	(5.288)	(5.118)	(4.528)
May	_5.566*	_3.297	_2.805	_0.484
	(3.326)	(4.193)	(4.088)	(3.880)
June	_0.126	_1.050	_0.776	_1.210
	(4.610)	(5.842)	(5.673)	(5.448)
July	_4.942	_4.672	_4.536	_3.238
	(3.070)	(3.991)	(3.862)	(3.668)
August	_2.038	_0.366	_0.0347	0.823
	(3.076)	(4.052)	(3.921)	(3.682)
September	0.883	1.562	1.524	3.612
	(3.087)	(4.057)	(3.937)	(3.700)
October	_0.509	_0.124	_0.265	1.489
	(3.073)	(4.023)	(3.895)	(3.678)
November	1.088	0.539	0.496	2.832
	(3.091)	(4.069)	(3.941)	(3.685)
December	2.728	1.965	1.629	2.562
	(3.243)	(4.245)	(4.119)	(3.813)
Household composition
3 members		2.530	2.275	2.839
		(4.973)	(5.017)	(5.010)
4 members		3.804	3.220	3.300
		(4.816)	(4.865)	(4.930)
5 members		5.146	4.771	2.578
		(4.750)	(4.797)	(4.870)
6 members		8.313*	7.356	4.611
		(4.768)	(4.818)	(4.883)
7 members		6.338	5.720	2.404
		(4.785)	(4.840)	(4.930)
8 members		6.029	4.880	2.402
		(4.852)	(4.901)	(4.963)
9 members		8.989*	7.904	4.410
		(4.936)	(4.986)	(5.026)
10 members		10.802**	9.503*	3.640
		(5.242)	(5.288)	(5.237)
11 members		11.682**	10.802**	4.626
		(5.473)	(5.489)	(5.443)
12 members		13.442**	12.602**	5.378
		(5.607)	(5.671)	(5.639)
13 members		9.979*	8.905	0.0986
		(5.706)	(5.725)	(5.768)
14 members		4.511	4.581	0.220
		(6.360)	(6.422)	(6.050)
15 members		14.27*	11.53	3.797
		(7.671)	(8.066)	(7.510)
16 members		10.74*	8.649	_0.331
		(6.088)	(6.074)	(5.956)
17 members		11.48	6.456	_6.648
		(9.334)	(10.02)	(11.61)
18 members		_16.822**	_16.502**	_21.842**
		(7.489)	(7.277)	(8.914)
19 members		12.63	11.69	9.325
		(7.853)	(7.742)	(7.489)
20 members		34.612***	34.612***	26.40
		(11.69)	(12.17)	(16.62)
21 members		34.28	33.30	6.522
		(24.50)	(25.52)	(20.08)
22 members		45.202***	39.232***	21.792***
		(16.35)	(12.33)	(8.180)
23 members		28.672***	28.052***	_20.57*
		(5.684)	(5.790)	(11.84)
24 members		_2.906	_5.324	_5.197
		(6.022)	(5.735)	(10.20)
25 members		55.482***	58.852***	43.682***
		(12.77)	(14.56)	(10.62)
26 members		20.15	21.92	4.043
		(16.73)	(16.96)	(9.042)
28 members		57.842***	54.272***	16.812**
		(5.428)	(5.615)	(8.539)
29 members		_23.312**	_20.37*	_37.992**
		(10.54)	(11.78)	(14.83)
30 members		15.59	13.86	18.07
		(23.11)	(23.39)	(13.26)
31 members		44.632***	44.462***	21.502**
		(10.78)	(10.77)	(10.91)
32 members		17.242**	19.532**	_0.707
		(7.736)	(8.387)	(15.56)
40 members		22.922***	18.322***	15.72
		(5.549)	(6.305)	(11.32)
Village fixed effects	no	no	no	yes

Notes: The table reports the OLS coefficient on distance to primary school (multiplied by 100, in Row 1) and a number of observable characteristics of a regression on work. Rows refer to different dependent variables while columns to different specifications. Number of observations: 8,642. Standard errors clustered by household in brackets. *** significant at 1 percent, ** significant at 5 percent, * significant at 10 percent.