Table 9

Second-Stage Regressions—Credit-Constraint Mechanism (10 to 15)

	Low-educated mother				High-educated mother
	2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns		2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Labor force participation
Family size	0.016	0.016**	0.010	0.004	−0.000	−0.008	−0.020	0.009
	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.010)	(0.015)	(0.014)
N	144,855	135,033	103,486	96,719	30,101	28,546	13,921	13,365
Household chore activities
Family size	0.004	0.012	−0.001	0.016	−0.004	0.013	0.017	−0.005
	(0.005)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.008)
N	114,863	125,111	79,615	88,853	29,082	28,260	13,299	13,193
Attendance
Family size	−0.018*	−0.007	−0.017	−0.035***	−0.003	−0.029*	0.004	0.015**
	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.013)	(0.008)
N	144,855	135,033	103,486	96,719	30,101	28,546	13,921	13,365
School progression
Family size	−0.016***	−0.024***	−0.015**	−0.026***	−0.013	−0.027*	−0.017	0.003
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.014)	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.016)
N	144,761	134,964	103,418	96,673	30,086	28,535	13,912	13,358
Literacy
Family size	−0.009	−0.008	−0.005	−0.037***	−0.007	0.008***	−0.005	−0.001
	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.011)	(0.007)
N	144,855	135,033	103,486	96,719	30,101	28,546	13,921	13,365

Robust standard errors in parenthesis. School Progression ≡ education/(age-6). Instrumental variable: occurrence of twins in the 2nd (2+Sample) or in the 3rd (3+Sample) births. Sample: Children aged in ∈ [10,15] living with two adults (the mother and her husband). Control variables: Year and state dummies; head’s schooling, gender and age; mother’s schooling and age; child’s age, squared age and gender; dummy variable if the family lives in urban areas and if the family lives in metropolitan areas. Low-educated mothers: three or less years of schooling High-educated mothers: 11 or more years of schooling.