Table 10

Second-Stage Regressions—Credit-Constraint Mechanism (18 to 20)

	Low-educated mother				High-educated mother
	2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns		2+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Labor force participation
Family size	−0.020	0.053*	−0.000	0.043	0.064	−0.130*	0.141**	0.044
	(0.023)	(0.031)	(0.023)	(0.036)	(0.090)	(0.077)	(0.069)	(0.082)
N	27,340	18,957	21,091	14,430	5,486	4,805	3,255	2,917
Household chore activities
Family size	0.013	−0.022	0.004	0.138**	0.051	0.086	−0.048***	0.048
	(0.022)	(0.034)	(0.016)	(0.059)	(0.059)	(0.072)	(0.011)	(0.067)
N	8,049	10,595	6,006	8,143	3,436	3,397	1,985	2,026
Attendance
Family size	0.007	−0.020	0.014	−0.048	0.006	0.065	−0.076	−0.048
	(0.024)	(0.030)	(0.024)	(0.035)	(0.084)	(0.075)	(0.066)	(0.078)
N	27,340	18,957	21,091	14,430	5,486	4,805	3,255	2,917
School progression
Family size	0.010	−0.036***	−0.008	−0.052***	0.031	−0.042	−0.029	0.016
	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.011)	(0.017)	(0.024)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.017)
N	27,298	18,919	21,063	14,397	5,481	4,800	3,252	2,913
Literacy
Family size	0.020	−0.003	−0.001	0.000	0.008**	0.002*	0.005*	0.003**
	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
N	27,340	18,957	21,091	14,430	5,486	4,805	3,255	2,917
Completed years of schooling
Family size	−0.042	−0.306	−0.073	−0.550**	0.889**	−0.298	−0.269	0.028
	(0.155)	(0.220)	(0.181)	(0.257)	(0.387)	(0.639)	(0.524)	(0.124)
N	18,563	10,244	14,748	8,034	1,797	1,309	1,103	823
High school
Family size	−0.011	−0.045**	−0.018*	−0.079***	−0.022	0.001	−0.051	0.012
	(0.013)	(0.020)	(0.011)	(0.020)	(0.086)	(0.078)	(0.071)	(0.076)
N	27,340	18,957	21,091	14,430	5,486	4,805	3,255	2,917
College attendance
Family size	−0.003	−0.014	−0.000	−0.030***	−0.042	0.032	−0.065	−0.094
	(0.007)	(0.012)	(0.006)	(0.009)	(0.077)	(0.075)	(0.050)	(0.076)
N	27,340	18,957	21,091	14,430	5,486	4,805	3,255	2,917

Robust standard errors in parenthesis. School Progression ≡ education/(age-6). Instrumental variable: occurrence of twins in the 2nd (2+Sample) or in the 3rd (3+Sample) births. Sample: Individuals aged in ∈ [18,20] living with two adults (the mother and her husband). Control variables: Year and state dummies; head’s schooling, gender and age; mother’s schooling and age; individual’s age, squared age and gender; dummy variable if the family lives in urban areas and if the family lives in metropolitan areas. Low-educated mothers: three or fewer years of schooling. High-educated mothers: 11 or more years of schooling.