Table 8

Second-Stage Regressions (18–20-year-old age group)

	2+ Sample		3+ Sample		3+ Sample First-borns
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Labor force participation
Family size	−0.029	0.019	0.004	0.045*	0.003	0.047
	(0.021)	(0.027)	(0.021)	(0.027)	(0.022)	(0.030)
Second child			0.011	−0.001
			(0.013)	(0.014)
N	38,928	28,609	34,827	25,686	28,415	20,585
Household chore activities
Family size	0.028	−0.008	0.000	0.086**	−0.004	0.108**
	(0.020)	(0.028)	(0.015)	(0.037)	(0.014)	(0.043)
Second child			0.007	−0.035*
			(0.008)	(0.019)
N	14,115	16,735	12,023	15,102	9,674	11,987
Attendance
Family size	0.013	−0.016	−0.009	−0.060**	0.004	−0.060**
	(0.021)	(0.026)	(0.021)	(0.027)	(0.023)	(0.030)
Second child			−0.010	0.022
			(0.013)	(0.014)
N	38,928	28,609	34,827	25,686	28,415	20,585
School progression
Family size	−0.005	−0.044***	−0.012	−0.049***	−0.017	−0.049***
	(0.010)	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Second child			−0.011*	0.006
			(0.006)	(0.006)
N	38,861	28,562	34,765	25,634	28,366	20,545
Literacy
Family size	0.006	−0.004	−0.002	−0.011	−0.012	−0.003
	(0.013)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.015)	(0.013)
Second child			0.005	0.012*
			(0.008)	(0.006)
N	38,928	28,609	34,827	25,686	28,415	20,585
Completed years of schooling
Family size	−0.137	−0.372*	−0.060	−0.634***	−0.221	−0.598***
	(0.146)	(0.198)	(0.164)	(0.194)	(0.173)	(0.207)
Second child			−0.217*	0.089
			(0.111)	(0.104)
N	23,256	13,361	21,730	12,469	17,842	10,082
High school
Family size	−0.014	−0.046**	−0.018	−0.056***	−0.020	−0.064***
	(0.014)	(0.020)	(0.012)	(0.019)	(0.012)	(0.021)
Second child			−0.014*	−0.020**
			(0.007)	(0.010)
N	38,928	28,609	34,827	25,686	28,415	20,585
College attendance
Family size	0.003	−0.010	0.001	−0.030**	−0.003	−0.041***
	(0.010)	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.008)	(0.015)
Second child			−0.011**	−0.013*
			(0.005)	(0.007)
N	38,928	28,609	34,827	25,686	28,415	20,585

Robust standard errors in parenthesis. School Progression ≡ education/(age-6).

Instrumental variable: occurrence of twins in the second (2 + Sample) or in the third (3 + Sample) births. Sample: Individuals aged in ∈ [18,20] living with two adults (the mother and her husband).

Control variables: Year and state dummies; head’s schooling, gender and age; mother’s schooling and age; individual’s age, squared age and gender; dummy variable if the family lives in urban areas and if the family lives in metropolitan areas.