Table 9

Employment Outcomes—Robustness Checks

	N	Ever Returned to Work	Cumulated Employment	Cumulated Labor Income
Panel A: Baseline DiD
	506,919	−0.014^***	−13.511^***	−907.011^***
		(0.003)	(2.277)	(197.623)
Mean 2012 spring		0.828	452	28,668
Panel B: Specification Checks
Baseline—No Control Variables	506,919	−0.013^***	−12.648^***	−677.401^***
		(0.003)	(2.312)	(229.431)
Linear	506,919	−0.010^***	−11.888^***	−853.363^***
		(0.003)	(2.446)	(213.857)
Quadratic	506,919	−0.011^***	−12.029^***	−810.856^***
		(0.003)	(2.484)	(216.321)
Panel C: Observation Period: Births in. . .
July and August excluded	443,253	−0.015^***	−14.692^***	−916.254^***
		(0.003)	(2.436)	(211.334)
Mean 2012 spring		0.829	453	28,716
May to October only	292,160	−0.015^***	−13.255^***	−845.956^***
		(0.004)	(3.002)	(260.605)
Mean 2012 spring		0.826	451	28,599
June to September only	181,110	−0.012^**	−10.083^***	−649.802^**
		(0.005)	(3.822)	(330.319)
Mean 2012 spring		0.824	447	28,262
Panel D: Accounting for Legal Entitlement to Slot in Childcare
Controlling for slot entitlement (months)	506,919	−0.014^***	−13.499^***	−840.248^***
		(0.003)	(2.350)	(204.045)
Mean 2012 spring		0.828	452	28,668
Slot entitlement + childcare coverage	502,948	−0.013^***	−13.359^***	−828.215^***
		(0.003)	(2.355)	(204.722)
Mean 2012 spring		0.828	452	28,668
Placebo 2011	325,604	−0.004	−2.955	−144.233
		(0.003)	(2.498)	(213.493)
Mean 2011 spring		0.813	445	27,681
DiDisc	506,919	−0.010	−9.703^*	−742.962^*
		(0.006)	(5.191)	(449.229)
Panel E: Excluding Observations above the Social Security Contribution Threshold
Below threshold	479,700	−0.014^***	−13.602^***	−811.177^***
		(0.003)	(2.348)	(186.495)
Mean 2012 spring		0.822	446	26,145
Panel F: Effects 48 Months after Birth (For Births before 2013 Only)
48 Months after birth	414,437	−0.007^***	−15.330^***	−1,080.891^***
		(0.002)	(3.081)	(278.040)
Mean 2012 spring		0.877	665	42,538

Source: Own calculations based on BEH data for for children born between March 2008 and December 2013, West Germany only.
Notes: Outcomes are measured 36 months after birth in Panels A–E. Cumulated employment is measured in days, cumulated labor income in euros. Controls in X_i are district‐level fixed effects (Kreise), age at birth dummies (<25, 25–30, 30–35, 30–40, >40), daily wage prior to birth dummies (<20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, 80–100, 100–120, >120), tertiary education (dummy), dummies for missing values in either. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels: ^*p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.