Table 6

Employment Outcomes—Main Results

	N	Ever Returned to Work	Cumulated Employment	Cumulated Labor Income
Panel A: Full Sample
	506,919	−0.014^***	−13.511^***	−907.011^***
		(0.003)	(2.277)	(197.623)
Mean 2012 spring		0.828	452	28,668
Panel B: By Education
No tertiary degree	377,768	−0.014^***	−14.884^***	−873.894^***
		(0.003)	(2.690)	(205.364)
Mean 2012 spring		0.821	447	24,542
Tertiary degree	109,760	−0.008	−8.808^*	−1,160.849^**
		(0.005)	(4.527)	(538.689)
Mean 2012 spring		0.859	478	43,265
Panel C: By Citizenship
Foreign	40,875	−0.012	−12.392	−825.005
		(0.011)	(8.200)	(689.169)
Mean 2012 spring		0.753	393	26,322
German	466,044	−0.014^***	−13.591^***	−923.992^***
		(0.003)	(2.368)	(206.055)
Mean 2012 spring		0.835	457	28,881
Panel D: By Childcare Availability in 2012
Below median	252,607	−0.011^***	−10.339^***	−700.202^***
		(0.004)	(3.296)	(264.418)
Mean 2012 spring		0.807	438	25,392
Above median	251,626	−0.016^***	−16.377^***	−1,109.828^***
		(0.004)	(3.159)	(295.321)
Mean 2012 spring		0.848	465	31,947

Source: Own calculations based on BEH data for for children born between March 2008 and December 2013, West Germany only.
Notes: Outcomes are measured 36 months after birth. Cumulated employment is measured in days, cumulated labor income in euros. Controls in X_i are district fixed effects, age at birth dummies (<25, 25–30, 30–35, 30–40, >40), wage prior to birth dummies (<20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, 80–100, 100–120, >120), tertiary education (dummy), and dummies for missing values in either. Childcare availability is defined as the ratio of childcare slots divided by the number of children under three years at the district level. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Significance tests for the differences between the group are as follows: Education: returned to work: p = 0.36, employment: p = 0.25, income: p = 0.62. Nationality: returned to work: p = 0.87, employment: p = 0.89, income: p = 0.89. Childcare availability: returned to work: p = 0.33, employment: p = 0.19, income: p = 0.30. Significance levels: ^*p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.