Children’s Development—Main Results
| All | Harmonized Sample | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Needs | Needs | Development Index | |
| Panel A: Full Sample | |||
| −0.036** | −0.033** | 0.040 | |
| (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.036) | |
| N | 19,191 | 14,761 | 14,761 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.225 | 0.234 | 0.157 |
| Panel B: Maternal Education | |||
| Low | −0.029 | −0.037 | 0.050 |
| (0.022) | (0.024) | (0.054) | |
| N | 8,685 | 7,088 | 7,088 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.253 | 0.256 | 0.056 |
| High | −0.039* | −0.028 | −0.034 |
| (0.022) | (0.024) | (0.052) | |
| N | 5,325 | 4,239 | 4,239 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.156 | 0.153 | 0.410 |
| Panel C: Main Language at Home | |||
| German | −0.038** | −0.040** | 0.041 |
| (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.038) | |
| N | 14,546 | 11,345 | 11,345 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.170 | 0.170 | 0.268 |
| Non‐German | 0.013 | 0.013 | −0.003 |
| (0.060) | (0.062) | (0.154) | |
| N | 1,280 | 1,135 | 1,135 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.523 | 0.534 | −0.446 |
| Panel D: Parental Country of Origin | |||
| Both born in Germany | −0.045*** | −0.045** | 0.034 |
| (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.043) | |
| N | 12,693 | 9,982 | 9,982 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.177 | 0.174 | 0.258 |
| At least one born abroad | −0.071 | −0.064 | 0.131 |
| (0.045) | (0.046) | (0.104) | |
| N | 3,603 | 3,034 | 3,034 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.422 | 0.416 | −0.224 |
| Panel E: By Childcare Availability in 2012 | |||
| Below median | −0.017 | −0.019 | 0.056 |
| (0.019) | (0.020) | (0.046) | |
| N | 9,801 | 9,644 | 9,644 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.197 | 0.207 | 0.132 |
| Above median | −0.056*** | −0.053** | 0.011 |
| (0.021) | (0.027) | (0.058) | |
| N | 9,390 | 5,117 | 5,117 |
| Mean 2012 spring | 0.256 | 0.276 | 0.197 |
Source: Own calculations based on school entrance examinations data for children born in July or August between 2007 and 2012, Schleswig‐Holstein only.
Notes: Dependent variable in Columns 1 and 2 is binary indicator for additional support needs; in Column 3 the dependent variable is a continuous development index (see Section III.C for details). Column 1 includes all children, and Columns 2 and 3 include the subset of children for whom the total development index is available. Regressions include control variables for age at testing (monthly, dummies), child’s gender, parents’ education (dummies), maternal country of origin (dummies), language spoken at home (dummies), and district‐level fixed effects (Kreise). Childcare availability is defined as the ratio of childcare slots divided by the number of children under three years at the district level. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.