Table 7

Childcare Choices—Main Results

	N	Exclusively Parents	Subsidized Provider	Informal Arrangement
Panel A: Full Sample
	6,932	0.065^*	−0.042	−0.026
		(0.036)	(0.028)	(0.038)
Mean 2012 spring		0.301	0.305	0.515
Panel B: Maternal Education
No tertiary degree	3,962	0.091^*	−0.039	−0.046
		(0.047)	(0.031)	(0.049)
Mean 2012 spring		0.324	0.204	0.558
Tertiary degree	2,970	0.028	−0.058	0.007
		(0.052)	(0.054)	(0.057)
Mean 2012 spring		0.264	0.470	0.444
Panel C: Main Language at Home
German	5,829	0.067^*	−0.044	−0.024
		(0.039)	(0.032)	(0.041)
Mean 2012 spring		0.273	0.323	0.535
Non‐German	1,084	0.062	−0.031	−0.068
		(0.095)	(0.065)	(0.095)
Mean 2012 spring		0.434	0.220	0.421
Panel D: Parental Country of Origin
Both born in Germany	5,368	0.065	−0.035	−0.037
		(0.040)	(0.033)	(0.043)
Mean 2012 spring		0.280	0.327	0.531
At least one born abroad	1,557	0.055	−0.064	0.006
		(0.077)	(0.054)	(0.079)
Mean 2012 spring		0.365	0.238	0.466

Source: Own calculations based on KiBS Waves 2 and 3 (interviews 2012–2014) for children born between March 2011 and December 2012, West Germany only.
Notes: DiD analysis. Exclusively parental care is defined as the absence of informal care and care by a subsidized provider. Controls are maternal age at birth dummies (<25, 25–30, 30–35, 35–40, >40), survey wave dummies, federal state fixed effects, maternal tertiary education (dummy), and children’s age in month dummies. Dummies for missing values in any control variable are included as well. Cluster robust (on mother’s level) standard errors in parentheses. Significance tests for the differences for the treatment effect on exclusively parental, subsidized, and informal care between each group are as follows, respectively: Education: p = 0.24, 0.85, 0.38; German at home: p = 0.96, 0.86, 0.66; Mother born in Germany: p = 0.91, 0.64, 0.63. Significance levels: ^*p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.