Table 8

Heterogeneous Effects of Forming Teams: Noncognitive Skills

	Gender		Academic Performance				Grade
	Male	Female	A	B	C	D	Third	Fourth	Fifth
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Openness	0.105	0.003	0.092	−0.045	0.149	−0.315	0.104	0.038	0.125
Openness	(0.146)	(0.125)	(0.101)	(0.215)	(0.291)	(0.500)	(0.150)	(0.167)	(0.170)
Between group test	p(female = male) = 0.1306		p(A = B) = 0.3093 p(A = C) = 0.9650				p(third = fourth) = 0.9963
			p(A = D) = 0.7003 p(B = C) = 0.5421				p(third = fifth) = 0.4476
			p(B = D) = 0.8993 p(C = D) = 0.7635				p(fourth = fifth) = 0.4671
Conscientiousness	0.174	0.116	−0.266	−0.134	0.179	0.199^**	0.297^**	0.303^*	0.023
Conscientiousness	(0.112)	(0.131)	(0.825)	(0.271)	(0.158)	(0.088)	(0.145)	(0.176)	(0.151)
Between group test	p(female = male) = 0.7086		p(A = B) = 0.4304 p(A = C) = 0.1079				p(third = fourth) = 0.6363
			p(A = D) = 0.2497 p(B = C) = 0.3931				p(third = fifth) = 0.4461
			p(B = D) = 0.4318 p(C = D) = 0.7902				p(fourth = fifth) = 0.2268
Extraversion	0.208^*	0.050	0.303	0.195	0.029	0.149	0.297^**	0.303^*	0.023
Extraversion	(0.117)	(0.129)	(0.831)	(0.243)	(0.158)	(0.126)	(0.145)	(0.176)	(0.151)
Between group test	p(female = male) = 0.3260		p(A = B) = 0.5783 p(A = C) = 0.7644				p(third = fourth) = 0.9613
			p(A = D) = 0.2254 p(B = C) = 0.5289				p(third = fifth) = 0.4389
			p(B = D) = 0.1698 p(C = D) = 0.3382				p(fourth = fifth) = 0.5097
Agreeableness	−0.092	−0.183^*	−0.156	−0.229	−0.222^*	−0.113	0.009	−0.022	−0.271^**
Agreeableness	(0.088)	(0.101)	(0.779)	(0.224)	(0.125)	(0.079)	(0.173)	(0.151)	(0.127)
Between group test	p(female = male) = 0.2323		p(A = B) = 0.3513 p(A = C) = 0.3222				p(third = fourth) = 0.6427
			p(A = D) = 0.9228 p(B = C) = 0.8259				p(third = fifth) = 0.0923
			p(B = D) = 0.6562 p(C = D) = 0.5861				p(fourth = fifth) = 0.0454
Neuroticism	0.122	0.231^**	−0.095	0.396^*	0.201	0.151^*	0.169	0.092	0.224^*
Neuroticism	(0.090)	(0.105)	(0.600)	(0.218)	(0.138)	(0.078)	(0.119)	(0.209)	(0.125)
Between group test	p(female = male) = 0.2596		p(A = B) = 0.2765 p(A = C) = 0.2739				p(third = fourth) = 0.1142
			p(A = D) = 0.6667 p(B = C) = 0.8286				p(third = fifth) = 0.6508
			p(B = D) = 0.4035 p(C = D) = 0.3590				p(fourth = fifth) = 0.0584

Notes: Each column reports the results of a cohort with the specification including individual characteristics, school characteristics, and family characteristics controlled. A, B, C, and D denote levels of academic performance from high to low. Standard errors are clustered at the school–grade level and enclosed in parentheses. The between‐group test reports the p‐value from the between‐group t‐test. Significance: ^*p < 0.1, ^***p < 0.01.