Table 4

Effects of Forming Teams on Cognitive Skills

	Midterm Examination				Final Examination
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Panel A: OLS Estimate
Treatment	0.073^***	0.077^***	0.078^***	0.095^***	0.072^***	0.075^***	0.076^***	0.082^***
	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.025)
Baseline		0.816^***	0.816^***	0.810^***		0.791^***	0.791^***	0.788^***
		(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.027)		(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)
Individual characteristics		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
Class characteristics			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Family characteristics				Yes				Yes
N	1,589	1,589	1,589	1,462	1,589	1,589	1,589	1,462
Adjusted R²	0.004	0.700	0.699	0.695	0.001	0.685	0.683	0.686
Panel B: DID Estimate
Treatment	−0.018	−0.012	−0.011	−0.011	−0.017	−0.012	−0.009	−0.009
	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.012)
Post	−0.023^*	−0.023^*	−0.024	−0.026	−0.033	−0.033	−0.032	−0.028
	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Treatment × Post	0.090^***	0.090^***	0.091^***	0.100^***	0.089^***	0.089^***	0.087^***	0.085^***
	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.018)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.025)
Baseline		0.909^***	0.909^***	0.908^***		0.897^***	0.897^***	0.898^***
		(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.013)		(0.012)	(0.0123)	(0.012)
Individual characteristics		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
Class characteristics			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Family characteristics				Yes				Yes
N	3,178	3,178	3,178	3,003	3,178	3,178	3,178	3,003
Adjusted R²	0.001	0.829	0.828	0.828	0.001	0.820	0.820	0.823
Finite sample inference p				0.000				0.000

Notes: Each column is a separate regression. Panel A reports the OLS estimates using test scores in midterm examination (Columns 1–4) and final examination (Columns 5–8) as dependent variables. Panel B reports the results of DID estimates from Equation 1 using midterm examination scores in Columns 1–4 and final examination scores in Columns 5–8. Individual characteristics are gender, age, and height. Class characteristics are school, grade, class, and team dummy variables. Family characteristics are parents’ income, extracurricular reading time, and household chore time. Standard errors are clustered at the school–grade level and enclosed in parentheses. The last row reports finite sample inference. Significance: ^*p < 0.1, ^***p < 0.01.