Table 7

Effects of Forming Teams on Noncognitive Skills

	OLS Estimates				DID Estimates
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Agreeableness	−0.138^*	−0.127^*	−0.147^***	−0.141^**	−0.116^*	−0.122^*	−0.133^**	−0.149^**	0.020
	(0.075)	(0.073)	(0.055)	(0.054)	(0.063)	(0.063)	(0.062)	(0.063)
Conscientiousness	0.219^***	0.215^**	0.222^**	0.217^**	0.209^**	0.207^***	0.154^**	0.140^*	0.000
	(0.052)	(0.105)	(0.105)	(0.098)	(0.087)	(0.072)	(0.070)	(0.078)
Extraversion	0.129^**	0.118	0.123	0.115	0.156	0.147	0.140	0.130	0.100
	(0.052)	(0.099)	(0.111)	(0.122)	(0.109)	(0.122)	(0.116)	(0.109)
Neuroticism	0.223^***	0.214^***	0.229^***	0.226^***	0.170^***	0.172^***	0.162^**	0.200^***	0.010
	(0.076)	(0.075)	(0.062)	(0.063)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.065)
Openness	0.070	0.072	0.060	0.065	0.041	0.046	0.056	0.057	0.190
	(0.052)	(0.089)	(0.087)	(0.091)	(0.030)	(0.036)	(0.041)	(0.035)
Individual characteristics		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
School characteristics			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Family characteristics				Yes				Yes

Notes: Each column is a separate regression. Columns 1–4 use OLS specifications using only the personality traits from the second‐round questionnaire, and Columns 5–8 use DID specifications. Column 9 reports the finite sample inference p‐value of the full specification in Column 8. Individual characteristics are gender, age, and height. Class characteristics are school, grade, class, and team dummy variables. Family characteristics are parents’ income, extracurricular reading time, and household chore time. Standard errors are clustered at the school–grade level and enclosed in parentheses. Significance: ^*p < 0.1, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.