Table 15

Treatment Effect with Controls on Noncognitive Skills

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Treatment	−0.009	−0.001	0.001	0.000
	(0.036)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.006)
Post	−0.020	0.000	0.001	−0.001
	(0.037)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)
Treatment × Post	0.061^*	0.079^***	0.080^***	0.083^***
	(0.034)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.019)
Openness	0.068^***	0.012^*	0.015^**	0.016^**
	(0.018)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Conscientiousness	0.116^***	0.005	0.004	0.004
	(0.013)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Extraversion	0.026	−0.002	−0.002	−0.001
	(0.023)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Agreeableness	−0.004	0.001	0.006	0.005
	(0.025)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Neuroticism	−0.075^***	0.001	0.000	0.000
	(0.025)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Individual characteristics		Yes	Yes	Yes
Class characteristics			Yes	Yes
Family characteristics				Yes
N	3,045	2,988	2,988	2,980
Adjusted R²	0.039	0.850	0.850	0.850

Notes: Each column is a separate regression. Individual characteristics are gender, age, and height. Class characteristics are school, grade, class, and team dummy variables. Family characteristics are parents’ income, extracurricular reading time, and household chore time. Standard errors are clustered at the school–grade level and enclosed in parentheses. Significance: ^*p < 0.1, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.