Table A1

Runs Test on Survey Sample

Variables	Test Value	Cases < Test Value	Cases ≥ Test Value	Total Cases	Number of Runs	z‐Score	p‐Value
Baseline scores	−0.004	33	38	71	30	−1.520	0.129
Noncognitive Skills
Openness	−0.031	37	35	72	42	1.194	0.232
Conscientiousness	0.062	32	40	72	42	1.309	0.191
Extraversion	0.085	36	36	72	36	−0.237	0.812
Agreeableness	−0.174	31	41	72	35	−0.316	0.752
Neuroticism	0.094	34	38	72	34	−0.688	0.492
Individual Characteristics
Gender	0.589	30	43	73	29	−1.788	0.074
Age	9.521	36	37	73	31	−1.531	0.126
Height	135.658	36	37	73	38	0.119	0.905
Grade	3.986	26	47	73	28	−1.667	0.095
School	3.123	43	30	73	30	−1.545	0.122

Data source: Experiment data.
Notes: Baseline scores and noncognitive skills are standardized to have a mean of zero and SD of one. Gender is a dummy variable that is one for male and zero for female. Height is measured in centimeters. School is a category variable with values one to five.