Effects of Immigrants by Age and Education on Native Hispanics’ Probability of Completing 12 Years Education
| Fixed Effects | Ten-Year Differences | Fixed Effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | WLS (5) | 2SLS 1 (6) | 2SLS 2 (7) | 2SLS (8) | |
| Share population 11–17 that is immigrant; t – 10 | −0.18 | −0.39 | −0.54** | −0.50* | −0.27 | −0.59 | −0.83 | −0.23 |
| (0.27) | (0.29) | (0.27) | (0.26) | (0.20) | (0.41) | (1.04) | (1.40) | |
| Share population 18–64 that is immigrant; t – 10: | ||||||||
| <12 years education | 0.74 | 1.18** | 0.35 | 0.49 | −0.36 | −0.11 | −0.36 | −1.68 |
| (0.48) | (0.51) | (0.46) | (0.48) | (0.42) | (0.51) | (0.51) | (2.12) | |
| 12 years education | 2.40 | 1.15 | −0.67 | −0.49 | 0.10 | −3.00* | −4.13* | −0.57 |
| (1.35) | (1.17) | (0.83) | (0.79) | (0.86) | (1.77) | (2.34) | (7.35) | |
| >12 years education | −1.68 | −0.74 | 2.27** | 1.89** | 1.70** | 2.61** | 2.81* | 0.48 |
| (1.28) | (1.06) | (0.79) | (0.75) | (0.80) | (1.23) | (1.66) | (6.51) | |
| Unemployment rates; t–10 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share of native population ages 11–17; t–10 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| BEA region trends | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share agricultural workers 1940 × year | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share white natives ages 21–27, <12 years school 1940 × year | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Outcome adjusted for race and ethnicity | — | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| R2 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.57 | — | — | — |
| Observations | 332 | 283 | ||||||
Notes: The dependent variable is the share of native-born Hispanics age 21–27 who have completed 12 years of education, adjusted at the individual level for age and sex, and also for black,Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican and other Hispanic in Columns 4–8. Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1–5), and two-stage least squares (Columns 6–8), with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1–4 and 8, and 1/(1/wt + 1/wt+10) for Columns 5–7. All specifications include year dummies; fixed effects specifications also include state dummies. The dependent variable is based on 1950–2010 data, the independent variables on data from 1940–2000. The instruments in Columns 6–8 are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants fromdifferent countries (see text); the instruments in Columns 6 and 8 are the same. Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses.
*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1.