Table 10

Sensitivity of Results to Trends and Sample Period—All Native-Born

	Baseline			Robustness Checks
	Fixed Effects (1)	Ten-Year Differences (2)	2SLS Ten-Year Differences (3)	State-Specific Trends			1980–2010
	Fixed Effects (1)	Ten-Year Differences (2)	2SLS Ten-Year Differences (3)	Fixed Effects (4)	Ten-Year Differences (5)	2SLS Ten-Year Differences (6)	Fixed Effects (7)	Ten-Year Differences (8)	2SLS Ten-Year Differences (9)
Share population 11– 64 that is immigrant; t–10	0.29^***	0.26^***	0.34^**	0.44^***	0.33^***	0.57^***	0.16^***	0.18^***	0.29^*
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.09)	(0.20)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.14)
Share population 11–17 that is immigrant; t – 10	−0.42^**	−0.29^**	−0.17	−0.36^***	−0.21^**	−0.10	−0.31^***	−0.23^***	−0.30^*
	(0.11)	(0.07)	(0.17)	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.15)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.17)
Share population 18–64 that is immigrant; t – 10:
<12 years education	0.90^**	0.74^**	0.81^**	1.10^***	0.58^**	0.70^**	0.68^***	0.56^***	0.95^***
	(0.15)	(0.14)	(0.16)	(0.30)	(0.26)	(0.35)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.29)
12 years education	−0.37	−0.12	0.61	0.33	0.40	1.11	−0.48^**	−0.13	−0.16
	(0.27)	(0.24)	(0.72)	(0.50)	(0.41)	(0.81)	(0.29)	(0.29)	(0.80)
>12 years education	0.78^**	0.55^**	−0.09	0.07	0.40	0.04	0.71^***	0.54^**	0.52
	(0.28)	(0.23)	(0.66)	(0.43)	(0.39)	(0.55)	(0.24)	(0.21)	(0.68)
Other covariates	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	343	294	294	343	294	294	196	147	147

Notes: The dependent variable is the share of natives age 21–27 who have completed 12 years of education, adjusted at the individual level for age and sex, and for race and ethnicity. Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8), and two-stage least squares (Columns 3, 6, 9), with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1, 4, 7, and 1/(1/w_t + 1/w_t⁺¹⁰) for Columns 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9. All specifications include year dummies; fixed effects specifications and Columns 5 and 6 also include state dummies; Column 4 also includes state dummies interacted with year. Other covariates are those listed in Table 2, except in Columns 4–6, which do not include region dummies, 1940 variables or their interactions. The dependent variable is based on 1950–2010 data (except Columns 7–9, where the years are 1980– 2010), the independent variables on data from 1940–2000 (except Columns 7–9, where the years are 1970–2000). The instruments are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants from different regions (see text). Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses.
↵*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1.