Table 12

Effects of Immigrants by Age and Education on Native Enrollment—All Natives

Fixed EffectsWLS
(5)		2SLS1
(6)		2SLS2
(7)
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Share population 6–64 that is immigrant0.100.070.11**—0.040.150.17**
(0.12)(0.05)(0.04)(0.05)(0.09)(0.09)
R20.900.960.91—0.71——
Share population 6–17 that is immigrant−0.27**−0.36**−0.33**—−0.15**−0.15**−0.27**
(0.08)(0.12)(0.13)(0.07)(0.09)(0.11)
Share population 16–17 that is immigrant———−0.19** (0.07)———
Share population 18–64 that is immigrant:
 <12 years education0.58***0.44***0.44***0.45***0.28**0.200.20
(0.14)(0.11)(0.11)(0.12)(0.11)(0.16)(0.19)
  12 years education0.530.110.300.340.130.190.32
(0.33)(0.18)(0.20)(0.22)(0.16)(0.22)(0.25)
 >12 years education−0.51−0.01−0.08−0.08−0.070.07−0.15
(0.31)(0.21)(0.20)(0.20)(0.19)(0.30)(0.29)
R20.920.970.920.920.71——
Other state covariates—YesYesYesYesYesYes
Other individual adjustments——YesYesYesYesYes
Observations392343

  • Notes: The dependent variable is the share of natives ages 16–17 who are enrolled, adjusted at the individual level for age and sex, and in Columns 3–7 also for race, ethnicity, whether living in a metro area, whether parent present in household, being a second generation immigrant, parent education, and the interaction of second generation and parent education. Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1–5), and two-stage least squares (Columns 6 and 7), for years 1940–2010, with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1–4, and 1/(1/wt + 1/wt+10) for Columns 5–7. All specifications include year dummies; fixed effects specifications also include state dummies. Columns 2–7 include the state-level controls of Table 2. The instruments in Columns 6 and 7 are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants from different countries (see text). Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses.

  • ↵*** p < 0.01,

  • ↵** p < 0.05,

  • * p < 0.1.