Effects of Immigrants in Population 11–64 on Native Probability of Completing 12 Years Education, by Race and Ethnicity
| Fixed Effects | Ten-Year Differences | Fixed Effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | WLS (5) | 2SLS 1 (6) | 2SLS 2 (7) | 2SLS (8) | |
| A. All natives | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.20*** | 0.29*** | 0.26*** | 0.34** | 0.31** | 0.00 |
| (0.13) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.11) | (0.15) | (0.22) | |
| B. Non-Hispanic white natives | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.15** | — | 0.14** | 0.21* | 0.13 | −0.09 |
| (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.13) | ||
| C. Black natives | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.47*** | 0.48*** | 0.45*** | 0.38** | 0.43** | −0.30 |
| (0.15) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.14) | (0.17) | (0.35) | |
| D. Hispanic natives | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.52** | 0.49** | 0.31** | −0.21 | −0.63 | −0.59 |
| (0.26) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.14) | (0.23) | (0.39) | (0.55) | |
| E. Women | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.20** | 0.29*** | 0.27*** | 0.35** | 0.34** | −0.04 |
| (0.13) | (0.09) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.22) | |
| F. Men | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.19** | 0.28*** | 0.26*** | 0.32** | 0.29** | 0.04 |
| (0.12) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.23) | |
| Unemployment rates; t – 10 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share of native population ages 11–17; t – 10 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| BEA regions × year | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share workers in agriculture 1940 × year | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Share white natives ages 21–27, <12 years school 1940 × year | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Outcome adjusted for race, ethnicity | — | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Notes: The dependent variable is the share of natives age 21–27 of a racial/ethnic group who have completed 12 years of education, adjusted at the individual level for age and sex, and also for black, Asian, missing race, Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, other Hispanic, and missing Hispanic in Columns 4–8 (except for the sample of white non-Hispanics). Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1–5), and two-stage least squares (Columns 6–8), with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1–6 and 8, and 1/(1/wt + 1/wt+10) for Columns 5–7. All specifications include year dummies; fixed effects specifications also include state dummies. The dependent variable is based on 1950–2010 data, the independent variables on data from 1940–2000. The instruments in Columns 6–8 are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants from different countries (see text); the instruments in Columns 6 and 8 are the same. Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses. Each coefficient is from a different regression. The number of observations for all, non-Hispanic whites, men and women are 343 in Columns 1–4 and 8, and 294 in Columns 5–7. For blacks, there are 324 observations in Columns 1–4, 270 in Columns 5–7 and 283 in Column 8. For Hispanics, there are 332 observations in Columns 1–4, 283 in Columns 5–7 and 292 in Column 8.
↵*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1.