Effects of Immigrants by Age and Education on Native Enrollment, by Parental Education
| Fixed Effects | 2SLS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent Education Years | No Parent in Household (4) | Parent <12 Years (5) | No Parent in Household (6) | |||
| <12 (1) | 12 (2) | >12 (3) | ||||
| Share population 6–64 that is immigrant | 0.43** | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.38* | −0.03 |
| (0.14) | (0.04) | (0.02) | (0.17) | (0.22) | (0.26) | |
| R2 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.95 | — | — |
| Share population 6–17 that is immigrant | −0.41 | −0.23* | −0.07 | −0.26 | −0.07 | 0.01 |
| (0.29) | (0.13) | (0.06) | (0.20) | (0.40) | (0.42) | |
| Share population 18–64 that is immigrant: | ||||||
| <12 years education | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.94*** | −0.15 | −0.28 |
| (0.21) | (0.12) | (0.06) | (0.21) | (0.44) | (0.42) | |
| 12 years education | 0.15 | 0.72*** | 0.25** | −0.08 | −0.71 | 0.90 |
| (0.59) | (0.17) | (0.09) | (0.51) | (0.91) | (1.15) | |
| >12 years education | 1.04** | −0.32** | −0.10 | −0.39 | 2.08** | −0.47 |
| (0.50) | (0.15) | (0.07) | (0.41) | (1.00) | (0.86) | |
| R2 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.95 | — | — |
| Other state covariates | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Other individual adjustments | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 343 | 343 | 343 | 392 | 245 | 343 |
Notes: The dependent variable is the share of natives ages 16–17 who are enrolled, adjusted at the individual level for age, sex, race, ethnicity, whether living in a metro area, and for Columns 1–3 and 5 also whether parent present in household, being a second generation immigrant, parent education, and the interaction of second generation and parent education. Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1–4), and two-stage least squares (Columns 5 and 6), for years 1940 and 1960–2010, with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1–4, and 1/(1/wt+1/wt+10) for Columns 5 and 6. All specifications include year dummies and the state-level controls of Table 2; fixed effects specifications also include state dummies. The instruments in Columns 5 and 6 are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants from different countries (see text). Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses. Parental education is the greater of the two parents’ education.
↵*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1.