Table 5

Effects on Student and Teacher Behavior

	Equal Chance to Participate (1)	Teacher Encourages Expression (2)	Comfort Asking Questions (3)	Asks Many Questions (4)	Hours of Study (5)	Receives Tutoring (6)	Log Tutoring Expenditures (7)	Favorite Subject (8)
Female student	−0.050^***	−0.056^***	−0.029	−0.020^**	−0.137	−0.079^***	0.031	−0.007
	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.009)	(0.094)	(0.018)	(0.048)	(0.016)
Female teacher	0.039^*	0.012	0.050^**	0.029^***	−0.046	−0.014	−0.039	−0.005
	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.010)	(0.061)	(0.014)	(0.031)	(0.015)
Female student × female teacher	0.060^***	0.063^***	0.008	−0.021^*	0.063	0.017	−0.080	0.041^**
	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.097)	(0.018)	(0.049)	(0.020)
Constant	0.379^***	0.332^***	0.314^***	0.099^***	1.857^***	0.623^***	2.223^***	0.286^***
	(0.015)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.007)	(0.052)	(0.012)	(0.027)	(0.011)
Observations	23,773	23,737	23,755	24,065	24,227	17,812	6,788	23,900
R²	0.053	0.055	0.036	0.028	0.044	0.120	0.194	0.028

Notes: Each column represents a separate regression and includes subject and school fixed effects. The response variables for Columns 1 through 4, and 8 are indicators taking value of one if a student agrees or strongly agrees with the statement that the subject teacher gives all students an equal opportunity to participate in class; the subject teacher encourages students to be creative and express themselves; I feel comfortable asking the subject teacher a question when the lecture is difficult to understand; I ask many questions in this class; this subject is one of my favorites. The outcome variable in Column 5 is self-reported study hours per week for the subject, excluding hours spent at tutoring. The outcome in Column 6 is an indicator for receiving tutoring and that for Column 7 is the log of tutoring expenditures. Column 7 is regressed conditional on positive expenditures. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the school level.
* p < 0.10,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.