Effects of Immigrants in Population 11–64 on Native Probability of Completing 12 Years Education
| Fixed Effects | Ten-Year Differences | Fixed Effects | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | WLS (6) | 2SLS 1 (7) | 2SLS 2 (8) | 2SLS (9) | |
| Share population ages 11–64 that is immigrant; t–10 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.20** | 0.29** | 0.22** | 0.26** | 0.34** | 0.31** | 0.00 |
| (0.13) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.05) | (0.11) | (0.15) | (0.22) | |
| Unemployment rate ages 18–24; t–10 | — | 0.69* | −0.11 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.07 | 0.06 |
| (0.38) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.14) | ||
| Unemployment rate ages 25–54; t–10 | — | −0.68 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.07 |
| (0.79) | (0.40) | (0.41) | (0.37) | (0.24) | (0.24) | (0.23) | (0.37) | ||
| Share of native population ages 11–17; t–10 | — | −1.36** | −0.24 | −0.20 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.19 |
| (0.36) | (0.25) | (0.25) | (0.22) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.23) | ||
| Share workers in agriculture 1940 × year | — | — | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.047 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.002 |
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.033) | (0.034) | (0.035) | (0.004) | |||
| Share white natives ages 21–27, <12 years school 1940 × year | — | — | 0.007** | 0.007** | 0.006** | 0.067** | 0.071** | 0.070** | 0.005 |
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.027) | (0.028) | (0.029) | (0.003) | |||
| Log personal income per capita; t – 10 | — | — | — | — | 0.100** (0.026) | — | — | — | — |
| BEA regions × year (p-value) | — | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Outcome adjusted for race, ethnicity | — | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| R2 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.85 | — | — | — |
| Observations | 343 | 294 | |||||||
Notes: The dependent variable is the share of natives age 21–27 who have completed 12 years of education, adjusted at the individual level for age and sex, and also for black, Asian, missing race, Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, other Hispanic, and missing Hispanic in Columns 4–8. Estimation is by weighted least squares (Columns 1–6), and two-stage least squares (Columns 7–9), with weights w the inverse of the squared standard errors on the state–year interaction coefficients in the individual regression for Columns 1–5 and 9, and 1/(1/wt +1/wt+10) for Columns 6–8. All specifications include year dummies; fixed effects specifications also include state dummies. The dependent variable is based on 1950–2010 data, the independent variables on data from 1940–2000. The instruments in Columns 7–9 are based on the 1940 distribution of immigrants from different regions (see text); the instrument in Columns 7 and 9 is the same. Standard errors are clustered by state and reported in parentheses.
*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1.