Table 3 Effects on Stacked Grades

	All Course Grades				Fall Course Grades				Winter Course Grades
	Grades		Grade Relative to Class Average		Grades		Grade Relative to Class Average		Grades		Grade Relative to Class Average
	No Controls (1)	With Controls (2)	No Controls (3)	With Controls (4)	No Controls (5)	With Controls (6)	No Controls (7)	With Controls (8)	No Controls (9)	With Controls (10)	No Controls (11)	With Controls (12)
Online only	0.469 [0.471]	0.462 [0.472]	0.063 [0.041]	0.063 [0.041]	0.143 [0.575]	0.143 [0.575]	0.024 [0.043]	0.024 [0.043]	0.596 [0.607]	0.581 [0.607]	0.111^* [0.057]	0.111^* [0.057]
Text messaging	−0.116 [0.424]	−0.132 [0.423]	−0.002 [0.038]	−0.003 [0.038]	0.073 [0.505]	0.075 [0.506]	0.016 [0.038]	0.016 [0.038]	−0.163 [0.549]	−0.197 [0.549]	−0.020 [0.053]	−0.021 [0.053]
Coaching	4.920^** [1.930]	4.876^** [1.927]	0.270 [0.175]	0.273 [0.174]	4.897^*** [1.874]	4.935^*** [1.880]	0.269 [0.167]	0.267 [0.168]	6.659^*** [2.107]	6.525^*** [2.094]	0.431^** [0.207]	0.431^** [0.207]
Control mean [Standard deviation]	68.905 [16.166]		0.077 [1.181]		69.428 [15.744]		0.066 [1.174]		68.826 [16.820]		0.073 [1.176]
Observations	29,591	29,591	18,162	18,162	10,106	10,106	10,065	10,065	10,554	10,554	5,864	5,864
R-squared	0.021	0.022	0.013	0.014	0.029	0.029	0.017	0.017	0.015	0.016	0.014	0.014
F-stat	2.691	2.675	1.760	1.792	2.290	2.311	0.910	0.895	3.918	3.865	3.352	3.360
Prob> p	0.0447	0.0456	0.153	0.146	0.0763	0.0742	0.435	0.443	0.00833	0.00897	0.0183	0.0181

↵Notes: The dependent variable in each regression is indicated by the column headings. The unit of observation is a student-course. All regressions control for campus and first-year fixed effects. Additional control variables include age in first year and gender. Standard errors clustered at the student level are reported in brackets. Significant at *p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.