Table 2 Summary Statistics and Balancing Tests

	Treatment Status
	Control Sample	Online Only	Text Messaging	Personal Coaching	P- Value from F-Test of No Difference
Student Characteristics	Mean [Standard Deviation]	Difference [Standard Error]	Difference [Standard Error]	Difference [Standard Error]	P- Value from F-Test of No Difference
Female	0.524 [0.500]	0.011 [0.018]	0.013 [0.017]	0.098 [0.105]	0.700
Age in first year	18.511 [1.428]	0.025 [0.058]	0.064 [0.052]	−0.533 [0.332]	0.216
High school average grade	87.284 [5.122]	−0.093 [0.182]	−0.208 [0.164]	0.120 [1.004]	0.642
Non-English mother tongue	0.551 [0.498]	−0.002 [0.018]	−0.005 [0.016]	−0.064 [0.105]	0.932
Non-Canadian citizenship	0.541 [0.498]	0.002 [0.018]	−0.001 [0.017]	−0.069 [0.105]	0.926
Living in residence	0.300 [0.458]	0.035^** [0.016]	0.019 [0.014]	−0.041 [0.090]	0.143
Expects to get more than undergraduate degree	0.657 [0.475]	0.008 [0.017]	0.007 [0.015]	0.069 [0.097]	0.87
First generation student	0.237 [0.425]	0.027^* [0.016]	0.011 [0.014]	−0.036 [0.092]	0.375
Expect to receive Aaverage or more	0.659 [0.474]	0.008 [0.017]	0.022 [0.015]	−0.082 [0.097]	0.39
Hours expected to study	18.243 [10.890]	−0.323 [0.398]	−0.029 [0.355]	−0.175 [2.257]	0.855
Expect to work more than 8 hours/week	0.376 [0.485]	−0.002 [0.017]	−0.013 [0.016]	0.019 [0.099]	0.847
Economics is a required course	0.577 [0.494]	−0.001 [0.017]	−0.003 [0.015]	0.084 [0.096]	0.842
International student	0.436 [0.496]	−0.024 [0.018]	−0.016 [0.016]	−0.008 [0.102]	0.571
Have a clear vision for future (1–7)	4.842 [1.467]	0.023 [0.054]	−0.028 [0.048]	−0.299 [0.308]	0.603
Think about the future (1–7)	5.559 [1.226]	0.041 [0.045]	−0.003 [0.040]	−0.199 [0.256]	0.605
Tend to cram for exams (1–7)	4.105 [1.521]	−0.035 [0.055]	−0.008 [0.049]	−0.002 [0.312]	0.936
Identify with university (1–7)	5.646 [1.427]	−0.028 [0.053]	0.000 [0.047]	0.145 [0.300]	0.893
Transition has been so far challenging (1–7)	4.774 [1.670]	0.001 [0.061]	0.015 [0.054]	−0.782^** [0.344]	0.146

↵Notes: Summary statistics and differences are calculated using the full sample of students. All differences are conditional on campus location and first-year fixed effects. Significant at *p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p< 0.01.