Table 1

Student and Teacher Characteristics

	Students			Teachers
	Analytic Sample	U.S. Public Schools in Cities	U.S. Public Schools	Analytic Sample	U.S. Public Schools
Age	9.50
Gifted status	0.07		0.06
Special education status	0.08		0.13
English language learner	0.15	0.14	0.10
Free or reduced price lunch	0.62		0.52
Male	0.49		0.51	0.08	0.24
Asian	0.08	0.07	0.05
White	0.24	0.30	0.49	0.62	0.82
African-American	0.36	0.25	0.16	0.33	0.07
Hispanic	0.29	0.35	0.26	0.05	0.08
1 year of experience in district				0.07	0.09^{^a}
2–3 years of experience in district				0.18
4–6 years of experience in district				0.23	0.33^{^b}
7–10 years of experience in district				0.24
11–20 years of experience in district				0.29	0.36
>20 years of experience in district				0.12	0.21
Graduate degree				0.50	0.56
n	4,092	14,457,000	50,132,000	236	3,119,001

Notes: The analytic sample consists of all fourth- and fifth-grade students taught by general education teachers who participated in the randomization study with valid data for student demographics and at least one academic or social-emotional outcome, as well as prior test scores on both math and ELA state exams. Sources for U.S. public school student and teacher data are the NCES Digest of Education Statistics and Census CPS on School Enrollment for male percentage. Data for all U.S. public schools are from 2013–2014. Data for U.S. public schools in cities are from 2011–2012.
↵a Corresponds to less than three years of experience.
↵b Corresponds to three to nine years of experience.