Table 3

Mean Education and Characteristics of Firstborn Children in Families with Two or More Children

	Firstborn Females					Firstborn Males
		Second Birth				Second Birth
	(1)	Before 1985 (2)	After 1985 (3)	Difference (4)	(5)	Before 1985 (6)	After 1985 (7)	Difference (8)
Sex ratio of next siblings (boys/girls)	1.066	1.070	1.062	−0.009	1.053	1.053	1.049	−0.004
High school completion	0.246	0.207	0.323	0.116^*	0.239	0.210	0.296	0.086^*
University admission	0.177	0.155	0.221	0.066^*	0.153	0.138	0.183	0.045^*
More than two children (Morethan2)	0.585	0.653	0.452	−0.202^*	0.450	0.516	0.323	−0.193^*
Complete family size (sibsize)	2.803	2.923	2.566	−0.357^*	2.547	2.636	2.373	−0.263^*
Age of mother at the 1st birth	23.71	23.54	24.03	0.495^*	23.67	23.53	23.95	0.423^*
Age of mother at the 2nd birth	26.22	25.40	27.83	2.422^*	26.22	25.42	27.78	2.360^*
Mother’s year of birth	1957.2	1956.5	1958.8	2.301^*	1957.3	1956.5	1958.9	2.388^*
Father’s year of birth	1954.0	1953.1	1955.6	2.496^*	1954.0	1953.2	1955.7	2.552^*
Urban	0.346	0.327	0.383	0.056^*	0.343	0.325	0.378	0.053^*
Mother’s highest qualification
College degree+	0.030	0.024	0.041	0.017^*	0.030	0.025	0.039	0.014^*
Professional degree	0.042	0.036	0.056	0.020^*	0.042	0.036	0.053	0.017^*
High school diploma	0.063	0.055	0.080	0.026^*	0.063	0.055	0.079	0.024^*
Vocational high school diploma	0.192	0.170	0.236	0.066^*	0.192	0.171	0.233	0.062^*
Junior high school diploma	0.258	0.242	0.291	0.050^*	0.260	0.242	0.294	0.052^*
Father’s highest qualification
College degree+	0.066	0.056	0.085	0.030^*	0.065	0.057	0.082	0.026^*
Professional degree	0.076	0.067	0.093	0.026^*	0.076	0.069	0.089	0.021^*
High school diploma	0.095	0.089	0.108	0.020^*	0.094	0.088	0.107	0.019^*
Vocational high school diploma	0.182	0.171	0.205	0.035^*	0.183	0.171	0.205	0.034^*
Junior high school diploma	0.231	0.214	0.265	0.051^*	0.232	0.212	0.269	0.057^*
Sample Size	416,315	276,151	140,164		434,729	287,144	147,585

Notes: This table reports descriptive statistics of family characteristics of firstborn singletons who were born between 1978 and 1984 and had at least one sibling. Columns 2 and 6 include those whose next sibling was born before 1985, and Columns 3 and 7 include those whose next sibling was born afterwards. We exclude families with father or mother younger than 18 when their first child was born, or with missing information about child birth year, or with the number of children at some parity exceeding three.
↵* indicates significance at the 5% level.