The Predictive Validity of Self-Reported Social-Emotional Measures on Education, Employment, Personal, and Civic Outcomes from the Educational Longitudinal Study.
| Education | Labor Market | Personal | Civic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachelor’s Degree | Employed | Employment Income | Teen Parent | Married | Voted in Presidential Election | Volunteered | |
| Academic achievement | 0.156*** (0.006) | 0.033*** (0.007) | 3,125.5*** (341.1) | −0.027*** (0.004) | 0.005 (0.007) | 0.070*** (0.007) | 0.073*** (0.007) |
| Grit: Perseverance of effort | 0.058*** (0.006) | 0.026*** (0.006) | 1,631.6*** (313.7) | −0.008* (0.003) | 0.019** (0.006) | 0.035*** (0.006) | 0.036*** (0.006) |
| Growth mindset in math | 0.011* (0.005) | 0.006 (0.006) | 848.2** (324.2) | −0.006* (0.003) | −0.009 (0.006) | 0.019** (0.006) | 0.008 (0.006) |
| n | 8,647 | 8,643 | 8,647 | 8,248 | 8,566 | 8,542 | 8,567 |
| R-squared | 0.209 | 0.012 | 0.042 | 0.035 | 0.002 | 0.045 | 0.046 |
Notes:
↵* p < 0.05,
↵** p < 0.01,
↵*** p < 0.001. Cells contain estimates and associated standard errors from OLS models where adult out comes at age 26 in 2012 are modeled as a function of academic achievement and self-reported measures of grit and growth mindset assessed in tenth grade. Academic achievement is a composite measure of students’ academic ability in math and reading based on students’ scores on multiple-choice achievement tests in tenth grade. Measures of grit and growth mindset are proxy measures constructed from student survey questions similar to the original scales. All models include controls for students’ gender and race as well as parental level of education and household income. Employment income is a self-reported measure of all earnings (in dollars) before taxes and deductions in 2011. See Online Appendix B for further details about the measures.