Table 10

Student-, Class-, and School-Level Correlations between Social-Emotional Measures and Gain Scores on State Tests

 State Math GainsState ELA Gains
Student LevelClass LevelSchool LevelStudent LevelClass LevelSchool Level
Growth mindset0.05**0.16*0.150.09***0.19**0.37**
Grit: Consistency0.07***0.19**0.33**0.09***0.21**0.15
Grit: Perseverance0.04**0.060.37**0.07***0.080.25*
Effort in class0.09***0.23**0.55***0.08***0.23***0.34**
n  3,543  230  67  3,543  230  67

  • Notes:

  • ↵* p < 0.05;

  • ↵** p < 0.01;

  • ↵*** p < 0.001. This table reports unadjusted Pearson product-moment correlations. Student-level correlations are estimated in a student-level dataset. Class- and school-level estimates are estimated using classroom and school averages, respectively. Test scores gains are the residuals from regressions of students’ current score on cubic functions of their prior math and ELA state test scores. Reported sample sizes represent the largest sample among the four estimates in each column.