Table 1

Descriptive Statistics for All Employees

 All0–5 Substitutes≥6 Substitutes
Job characteristics
    Share without substitutes        0.036        0.204        0.000
    Number of substitutes161.9    2.2196.8
    Establishment size570.990.8675.7
Demographics
    Age40.642.640.2
    Male        0.629        0.495        0.658
    Number of children aged 0–17        0.829        0.836        0.828
Country of origin
    Sweden        0.913        0.939        0.908
    Rest of Nordic countries        0.032        0.026        0.033
    Rest of Europe        0.026        0.018        0.027
    North America        0.001        0.001        0.001
    South America        0.006        0.003        0.007
    Rest of the world        0.022        0.012        0.024
Education
    Pre–high school (<9 years)        0.025        0.021        0.026
    Pre–high school (≥9 years)        0.054        0.042        0.057
    High school (≤2 years)        0.413        0.386        0.418
    High school (2–3 years)        0.225        0.233        0.223
    Post–high school (<3 years)        0.143        0.169        0.138
    Post–high school (≥3 years)        0.131        0.143        0.128
    Postgraduate        0.008        0.004        0.008
Wage and benefits
    Monthly wage in t (SEK)23,657      22,824      23,839
    Sickness benefits recipient in t        0.109        0.098        0.111
Professions
    Professionals        0.165        0.191        0.159
    Technicians        0.245        0.315        0.229
    Clerks        0.124        0.212        0.105
    Service workers and shop sales        0.088        0.093        0.087
    Skilled agricultural and fishery        0.005        0.010        0.004
    Craft and related trades workers        0.116        0.090        0.121
    Plant and machine operators        0.196        0.043        0.230
    Elementary occupations        0.062        0.047        0.065
    Observations5,863,497    1,050,0174,813,480

  • Note: The sample is based on private sector employees in Sweden, 1997–2007. Managers and labor market entrants are excluded. The distribution across occupations is reported at the one-digit level of the occupation code.