Robustness Checks
| Outcome: Present Sickness Absence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (1) | Including Public Sector (2) | Two-Digit Occupation Code (3) | Four-Digit Occupation Code (4) | |
| Low substitutability | −0.0131*** (0.0006) | −0.0079*** (0.0004) | −0.0145*** (0.0006) | −0.0112*** (0.0010) |
| Number of observations | 5,863,497 | 12,160,539 | 5,863,497 | 1,656,960 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 0.109 | 0.125 | 0.109 | 0.105 |
| Background controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Occupation fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Establishment fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Notes: The standard errors are clustered on the establishment level. The reference category is employees with more than five substitutes. The background controls are gender, age, education, birth country, having children aged 0–3, and establishment size. In the fourth column we use the four-digit occupation level which is available for the years 2005–2007. The occupational fixed effects are also based on the four-digit occupational code. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.