Table 14

First-Stage, Reduced-Form, Second-Stage, and Decomposition Results

	Firstborn Females Dependent Variable						Firstborn Males Dependent Variable
	More-than2	High School Completion		University Admission		More-than2	High School Completion		University Admission
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
A next brother (D)	−0.221^*	0.002	−0.065^*	0.002	−0.429	−0.064^*	−0.003^*	−0.013	0.001	−0.012
Twin2nd	0.322^*	−0.030^*		−0.021^*		0.539^*	−0.016		−0.014
Twin2nd × A next brother (D)	0.223^*	0.029		0.019		0.067^*	0.009		0.014
Morethan2			−0.096^*		−0.067^*			−0.031		−0.026
Morethan2 × A next brother (D)			0.096^*		0.064			0.019		0.027
Decomposition
Average total effect			0.002		0.002^*			−0.003^*		0.001
Average indirect effect			0.021^*		0.015^*			0.002		0.002
Average direct effect			−0.019^*		−0.013			−0.005^*		−0.001
Sample mean	0.585	0.246	0.246	0.177	0.177	0.450	0.239	0.239	0.153	0.153
N	416,315	416,315	416,315	416,315	416,315	434,729	434,729	434,729	434,729	434,729
Restricted sample with close spacing ≤18 months
A next brother (D)	−0.199^*	0.000	−0.086	0.002	−0.111	−0.086^*	−0.002	0.002	0.001	−0.027
Twin2nd	0.172^*	−0.009		−0.017		−0.373^*	−0.010		−0.020
Twin2nd × A next brother (D)	0.204^*	0.031		0.030		−0.085^*	−0.008		0.014
Morethan2			−0.055		−0.107			−0.027		−0.054
Morethan2 × A next brother (D)			0.117		0.142			−0.012		0.042
Decomposition
Average total effect			0.000		0.017			−0.002		0.001
Average indirect effect			0.011		0.021			0.002		0.005
Average direct effect			−0.011		−0.019			−0.005		−0.003
Sample mean	0.736	0.199	0.199	0.142	0.142	0.604	0.200	0.200	0.129	0.129
N	143,975	143,975	143,975	143,975	143,975	143,975	143,724	143,724	143,724	143,724

Notes: This table reports the first-stage, reduced-form, second-stage, and decomposition results by firstborn gender. All regressions include the full set of indicators for urban, the subject’s age and district of birth, parents’ education and years of birth, and maternal age at the first birth. In the bottom panel, we restrict the sample to families with an interval between the first two births no more than 18 months. The samples include firstborn children who were born between 1978 and 1984 and have at least one sibling.
↵* indicates significance at the 5% level.