Table 1

Summary Statistics (Pooled Sample)

	Parent Survey Sample		Teacher Survey Sample		Academic Sample
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Panel A: Children
Female	0.49		0.46		0.49
Hispanic	0.28		0.41		0.34
Chinese	0.35		0.26		0.34
Black	0.13		0.12		0.12
White	0.12		0.09		0.11
Other race	0.09		0.12		0.09
Age in years (fall)	4.39	(0.28)	4.34	(0.29)	4.40	(0.45)
Parent rating of letter knowledge (fall)	2.92	(0.91)	2.84	(0.93)	2.85	(0.94)
Parent rating of how often child ask to be read to per week (fall)	3.01	(0.88)	2.94	(0.88)	2.93	(0.91)
Child literacy assessment sum score (fall; max. = 126.0)	53.24	(37.27)	48.67	(37.12)	52.13	(36.79)
Panel B: Parents
Female	0.86		0.87		0.83
Age in years (fall)	34.8	(6.03)	34.1	(5.78)	34.61	(6.47)
Has less than a bachelor’s degree	0.72		0.73		0.74
Received texts in English	0.55		0.48		0.51
Received texts in Spanish	0.18		0.31		0.24
Received texts in Chinese	0.27		0.21		0.25
How many times per week parent reads for pleasure (fall)	2.57	(0.90)	2.55	(0.87)	2.56	(0.91)
How many times per week parent tells a story to child (fall)	2.87	(0.86)	2.84	(0.84)	2.82	(0.86)
How many times per week parent sings to child (fall)	3.07	(0.84)	2.97	(0.82)	3.05	(0.86)
N	558		258		821

Notes: Parents rated the letter knowledge of their child in one of four categories: 1, the child knows no letters; 2, some; 3, most; 4, all. Answer options for weekly parental activities and how often the child asked to be read to include: 1, not at all; 2, once or twice per week; 3, three to six times; 4, every day. Missing values set at the sample average.