Table 2a

Sex-Selective Prenatal Investments in India: Births to Women with and without Ultrasounds (Logit specification)

Panel A, 1998 and 2005 Survey data, restricted to women who had at least one prenatal check upFull SampleNorthern RegionMajority Female
At Least Two Antenatal VisitsTetanus Shot (1=Yes,0=No)At Least Two Antenatal VisitsTetanus Shot (1=Yes,0=No)At Least Two Antenatal VisitsTetanus Shot (1=Yes,0=No)
With Ultrasound
(1)		Without Ultrasound
(2)		With Ultrasound
(3)		Without Ultrasound
(4)		With Ultrasound
(5)		Without Ultrasound
(6)		With Ultrasound
(7)		Without Ultrasound
(8)		With Ultrasound
(9)		Without Ultrasound
(10)		With Ultrasound
(11)		Without Ultrasound
(12)
Male0.530**
(0.223)		0.117*
(0.061)		0.170
(0.233)		0.041
(0.080)		0.692**
(0.299)		0.080
(0.118)		0.938**
(0.396)		0.110
(0.153)		0.589*
(0.314)		0.085
(0.094)		0.673**
(0.314)		0.106
(0.123)
Constant3.184***
(1.086)		2.388***
(0.300)		5.517***
(1.137)		2.292***
(0.307)		2.226
(1.441)		0.362
(0.575)		5.690***
(1.852)		1.809**
(0.822)		6.865***
(1.574)		2.161***
(0.404)		3.548***
(1.364)		1.302**
(0.526)
P-value of the test that the coefficient on male is the same in the with and without ultrasound samples0.0740.6000.0570.0510.1520.093
Mean of dependent variable0.9630.8680.9740.9380.9500.8440.9710.9230.9640.8720.9750.941
State fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Year fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Birth year fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Observations5,17116,8705,97016,8911,6053,7721,5423,7852,2267,5222,5417,542

  • Robust standard errors in parentheses

  • ↵*** p<0.01,

  • ↵** p<0.05,

  • * p<0.1

  • Notes: Coefficients (not marginal effects) reported. Sample is restricted to most recent birth (within five years previous to the 2005–2006 survey only) of ever-married women. Other controls included are mother’s age and education, birth order of most recent birth, dummies for each household wealth quintile, an urban area dummy and existing sex ratio of children (defined as the ratio of boys to the total number of births prior to the most recent one).