Table 2

Tests of Validity of the Randomizations

Mean values (standard deviation)All studentsNontransfer students with HSEE scores
Step 1
(1)		Step 2
(2)		Step 3
(3)		Step 1
(4)		Step 2
(5)		Step 3
(6)
Number of observations4,7174,7176071562,36031471
Number of channels 13746181344316
  Difference between randomized in and out [standard error in brackets]Test on school effects: F statistic [p-value]Difference between randomized in and out [standard error in brackets]Test on school effects: F statistic [p-value]
Student characteristics
    Female (0/1)0.51
(0.50)		−0.01
[0.02]		−0.04
[0.06]		0.92
[0.55]		0.01
[0.02]		0.10
[0.08]		0.60
[0.66]
    Standardized primary school test score0.00
(1.00)		0.01
[0.03]		0.08
[0.10]		2.11**
[0.01]		0.03
[0.03]		−0.11
[0.09]		0.32
[0.87]
Parents and family characteristics
    Parents’ income (log)6.83
(2.62)		−0.06
[0.09]		−0.57**
[0.25]		2.04**
[0.02]		0.08
[0.11]		−0.79*
[0.45]		0.92
[0.47]
    Parents’ years of education (0–24)12.52
(2.03)		0.18***
[0.07]		−0.14
[0.25]		2.08**
[0.01]		0.45***
[0.09]		0.38
[0.32]		0.31
[0.90]
    Have a relative in the school0.14
(0.20)		0.004
[0.007]		0.06*
[0.04]		1.52
[0.12]		0.00
[0.01]		0.03
[0.03]		1.53
[0.20]
    Parents’ ideal for child final education level (1 to 6)a4.31
(1.17)		0.02
[0.04]		−0.09
[0.14]		1.25
[0.24]		0.04
[0.04]		−0.04
[0.15]		0.54
[0.71]
    Primary school average test score182.49
(5.37)		0.07
[0.13]		0.18
[0.50]		0.95
[0.52]		0.09
[0.19]		−0.60
[0.67]		1.31
[0.28]
School choice application
    Number of Type A schools2.89
(1.02)		−0.04
[0.03]		0.13
[0.09]		0.99
[0.47]		−0.07*
[0.04]		0.24*
[0.13]		1.17
[0.34]
    Average HSEE scores of the first three choices in 1999527.2
(8.9)		0.12
[0.30]		−0.47
[0.52]		1.12
[0.35]		0.03
[0.39]		0.49
[0.69]		3.88***
[0.00]
    Average percentage of teachers of Rank II and higher in the first three choices69.08
(8.11)		−0.27
[0.20]		−0.65
[0.51]		0.77
[0.71]		0.04
[0.27]		−0.69
[0.71]		1.45
[0.21]

  • ↵* Significant at 10 percent;

  • ↵** significant at 5 percent;

  • ↵*** significant at 1 percent.

  • All regressions include selection channel effects.

  • ↵a Education levels for children are: 1 = middle school, 2 = high school, 3 = professional college, 4 = university, 5 = master degree, 6 = doctoral degree and higher.