Violence and Human Capital Accumulation: Long-term Effects
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Years of education | |||
| Exposed to violent events in his/her year −6 | −0.055 (0.041) | −0.072 (0.048) | |
| Exposed to violent events in his/her year −5 | −0.019 (0.031) | −0.034 (0.035) | |
| Exposed to violent events in his/her year −4 | −0.021 (0.037) | −0.040 (0.038) | |
| Exposed to violent events in his/her year −3 | −0.051 (0.031) | −0.059 (0.035) | |
| Number of years exposed to violent events (in utero) | −0.071 (0.021)*** | −0.079 (0.023)*** | |
| Number of years exposed to violent events (early childhood) | −0.051 (0.014)*** | −0.061 (0.016)*** | |
| Number of years exposed to violent events (preschool age) | −0.051 (0.015)*** | −0.063 (0.016)*** | |
| Number of years exposed to violent events (primary school age) | −0.019 (0.014) | −0.032 (0.016)** | |
| Number of years exposed to violent events (high school age) | 0.000 (0.013) | −0.019 (0.016) | |
| Gender (male = 1) | 0.438 (0.030)*** | 0.437 (0.030)*** | 0.437 (0.030)*** |
| Mother’s language (native = 1) | −1.747 (0.064)*** | −1.747 (0.064)*** | −1.747 (0.064)*** |
| Constant | 8.613 (0.066)*** | 8.589 (0.054)*** | 8.658 (0.071)*** |
| District of birth fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year of birth fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Province specific cubic trend | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mean dependent variable | 9.40 | ||
| Observations | 139,446 | 139,446 | 139,446 |
| R-squared | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
* Significant at 10 percent;
↵** significant at 5 percent;
↵*** significant at 1 percent. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth level in parentheses. The sample includes all people between 18 and 32 years old interviewed in the 2007 national census. The periods of life considered are defined as follows: early childhood (−2–3 years old), preschool (4–6 years old), primary school age (7–12 years old), and high school age (13–17 years old). The F-test of joint significance for the coefficients before year – 2 in Columns 2 and 3 fails to reject the null that they are jointly equal to zero. In Column 2, the F-test is 1.94 (p-value = 0.1013), while in Column 3, the F-test is 1.86 (p-value = 0.1157).