Table 7

Violence and Human Capital: Short-Term Effects

	(1)	(2)
	Years of Education
Number of years exposed to violent events (in utero)	−0.102 (0.036)^***	−0.087 (0.042)^**
Number of years exposed to violent events (early childhood)	−0.140 (0.028)^***	−0.146 (0.031)^***
Number of years exposed to violent events (preschool age)	−0.133 (0.030)^***	−0.139 (0.032)^***
Number of years exposed to violent events (primary school age)	−0.113 (0.027)^***	−0.111 (0.027)^***
Gender (male = 1)	0.137 (0.021)^***	0.128 (0.022)^***
Mother’s language (native = 1)	−1.000 (0.054)^***	−0.445 (0.118)^***
Constant	6.835 (229.997)	134.858 (1.114)^***
Household fixed effects	No	Yes
District of birth fixed effects	Yes	No
Year of birth fixed effects	Yes	Yes
Province specific cubic trend	Yes	Yes
Mean dependent variable	4.36	4.35
Observations	75,314	63,888
R-squared	0.50	0.54

* Significant at 10 percent;
↵** significant at 5 percent;
↵*** significant at 1 percent. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth level in parentheses. The sample includes all people in school age (6–17) who still live in their birth district, interviewed in the 1993 national census.