Table 8

Promise IV Effects by Group

	Six-Month Attendance at Four-Year		Six-Year BA/BS Attainment		Six-Year Credential Attainment
Income groups	Non-low income	Low-income	Non-low income	Low-income	Non-low income	Low-income
After × Elig.	0.162^**	0.070	0.150	0.055	0.174^*	0.106
	[0.080]	[0.069]	[0.092]	[0.059]	[0.094]	[0.078]
N	2,666	2,744	1,641	1,259	1,641	1,259
F-statistic	619.5	725.3	270.7	306.8	270.7	306.8
First-stage coeff.	0.796	0.648	0.784	0.664	0.784	0.664
p-value of group diff.		0.379		0.381		0.574
Mean DV	0.509	0.196	0.399	0.108	0.450	0.187
Race	White	Nonwhite	White	Nonwhite	White	Nonwhite
After ×Elig.	0.099	0.069	0.043	0.096	0.003	0.193^**
	[0.083]	[0.067]	[0.085]	[0.065]	[0.095]	[0.078]
N	2,624	2,791	1,545	1,360	1,545	1,360
F-statistic	579.7	745.3	268.2	302.5	268.2	302.5
First-stage coeff.	0.779	0.655	0.790	0.661	0.790	0.661
p-value of group diff.		0.776		0.620		0.119
Mean DV	0.506	0.257	0.398	0.161	0.449	0.235
Gender	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
After × Elig.	0.034	0.115	0.041	0.132^*	0.023	0.224^**
	[0.079]	[0.072]	[0.070]	[0.077]	[0.078]	[0.089]
N	2,551	2,864	1,388	1,517	1,388	1,517
F-statistic	555.8	707.2	243.7	310.9	243.7	310.9
First-stage coeff.	0.699	0.690	0.711	0.705	0.711	0.705
p-value of group diff.		0.438		0.376		0.087
Mean DV	0.400	0.405	0.295	0.304	0.364	0.357

↵Notes: Standard errors robust to heteroskedasticity are inbrackets. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. Timing is since high school graduation. All regressions include dummies for after the Promise’s introduction, individual (pseudo-)eligibility, and graduation year. Other controls are sex, race/ethnicity, free/reduced-price lunch status, and high school of graduation- by-graduation year (except when subgroup is restricted on one of these dimensions). The estimates are calculated using rules-based eligibility with the coefficient of interest rescaled by the first-stage coefficient. This first-stage coefficient is obtained, for the post-Promise period, by regressing observed eligibility on rules-based eligibility (and the same controls as listed above). The F-test statistic is from the first stage. The income groupings pertain to whether the student is eligible for free/reduced price lunch or not. The race groups are white non-Hispanic versus other groups. The mean of the dependent variable for each group is calculated over the eligible population in the pre-Promise period.