Nonprofit Differential Estimates by Industry
| Nonprofit Differential Estimates | Difference Decomposition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-Sectional Difference | Within-Worker Estimate | Gen-Diff-in-Diff Estimate | Percent Demand | Percent Supply | |
| Industry | (1) | (2) | (3) | (5) | (6) |
| All industries | -0.053*** | -0.012*** | -0.010*** | 19 | 81 |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |||
| 26,919,859 | 26,919,859 | 26,919,859 | |||
| Health and human services | |||||
| Outpatient healthcare (621) | 0.068*** | 0.035*** | 0.035*** | 51 | 49 |
| (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |||
| 905,031 | 1,030,102 | 905,031 | |||
| Doctor’s offices (621,111) | 0.227*** | 0.025** | 0.026** | 11 | 89 |
| (0.026) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |||
| 360,097 | 383,801 | 360,097 | |||
| Hospitals (622) | 0.008 | 0.000 | -0.002 | -26 | 126 |
| (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |||
| 381,971 | 757,031 | 381,971 | |||
| Nursing facilities (623) | 0.005 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -16 | 116 |
| (0.011) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |||
| 110,191 | 183,575 | 110,191 | |||
| Family services (624) | 0.128*** | 0.033*** | 0.034*** | 26 | 74 |
| (0.013) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |||
| 65,926 | 152,957 | 65,926 | |||
| Childcare (62,441) | 0.049*** | 0.054*** | 0.050*** | 102 | -2 |
| (0.016) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |||
| 42,360 | 54,401 | 42,360 | |||
| Education (611) | -0.049*** | -0.023*** | -0.025*** | 50 | 50 |
| (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |||
| 104,528 | 165,407 | 104,528 | |||
| Finance and management | |||||
| Banking & credit (522) | -0.270*** | -0.027*** | -0.026*** | 10 | 90 |
| (0.010) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |||
| 976,814 | 988,174 | 976,814 | |||
| Investments (523) | 0.345*** | -0.026 | -0.023 | -7 | 107 |
| (0.037) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |||
| 80,185 | 80,349 | 80,185 | |||
| Insurance (524) | -0.068 | -0.038 | -0.038 | 55 | 45 |
| (0.107) | (0.085) | (0.082) | |||
| 567,213 | 567,270 | 567,213 | |||
| Administration (561) | 0.096*** | 0.039** | 0.039** | 40 | 60 |
| (0.024) | (0.014) | (0.013) | |||
| 2,279,915 | 2,280,313 | 2,279,915 | |||
| Utilities (221) | 0.118 | 0.012 | 0.101 | 86 | 14 |
| (0.251) | (0.188) | (0.199) | |||
| 161,157 | 161,853 | 161,157 | |||
| Classic charities | |||||
| Legal aid (54,111) | -0.256*** | -0.131*** | -0.129*** | 51 | 49 |
| (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.036) | |||
| 270,984 | 271,996 | 270,984 | |||
| Religious organizations (8131) | -0.264*** | -0.099*** | -0.098*** | 37 | 63 |
| (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |||
| 4,003,999 | 4,012,994 | 4,003,999 | |||
| Grant-making foundations (8,132) | -0.123*** | -0.020* | -0.017 | 14 | 86 |
| (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |||
| 3,943,822 | 3,971,955 | 3,943,822 | |||
| Social advocacy (8,133) | -0.243*** | -0.024*** | -0.021* | 9 | 91 |
| (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |||
| 3,949,345 | 3,974,332 | 3,949,345 | |||
| Civic organizations (8,134) | -0.081*** | -0.051*** | -0.050*** | 62 | 38 |
| (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |||
| 2,581,211 | 2,593,224 | 2,581,211 | |||
Notes: Table is based on the estimation of Equation 2 estimated for various industries. Column 1 reflects the cross-sectional earning difference between nonprofit and for-profit workers in each category. Column 2 estimates the nonprofit penalty by adding worker fixed effects to the estimation of Equation 1. Column 3 implements a generalized difference-in-difference that adds to the specification in Column 2 event–time fixed effects to account for general dynamics surrounding job changes. Column 4 reflects an estimate of how much of the nonprofit differential arises from demand-side forces, calculated by dividing the value in Column 3 with the value in Column 1. Column 5 reflects the share of the nonprofit differential arising from supply differences, which is the remaining nonprofit differential unexplained by demand. The third row for each estimate provides the relevant N. Significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.