CNCs and High-Tech Workers’ Switching States or Industries (LEHD)
| Dependent Variable: Ln(l + Cumulative # of State Switch) at | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Qtr. (1) | 8th Qtr. (2) | 12th Qtr. (3) | 16th Qtr. (4) | 20th Qtr. (5) | 24th Qtr. (6) | 28th Qtr. (7) | 32nd Qtr. (8) | |
| Panel A: Switch States | ||||||||
| Tech × CNC score | 0.0003* | 0.0008*** | 0.0012*** | 0.0014*** | 0.0012*** | 0.0013*** | 0.0013*** | 0.0013** |
| (0.0001) | (0.0003) | (0.0003) | (0.0004) | (0.0003) | (0.0004) | (0.0005) | (0.0006) | |
| R-]squared | 0.0746 | 0.0774 | 0.0855 | 0.0926 | 0.0987 | 0.104 | 0.1085 | 0.1138 |
| Dependent Variable: Ln(l + Cumulative # of Industry Switch) at | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Qtr. (1) | 8th Qtr. (2) | 12th Qtr. (3) | 16th Qtr. (4) | 20th Qtr. (5) | 24th Qtr. (6) | 28th Qtr. (7) | 32nd Qtr. (8) | |
| Panel B: Switch Industry | ||||||||
| Tech × CNC score | -0.0018*** | -0.0044*** | -0.0067*** | -0.0094*** | -0.0119*** | -0.0135*** | -0.0162*** | -0.0186*** |
| (0.0006) | (0.0012) | (0.0021) | (0.0027) | (0.0033) | (0.0038) | (0.0038) | (0.0037) | |
| R-squared | 0.1305 | 0.1394 | 0.1502 | 0.158 | 0.1633 | 0.1674 | 0.1722 | 0.1749 |
| Observations | 7,517,000 | 6,389,000 | 5,594,000 | 4,973,000 | 4,485,000 | 4,057,000 | 3,671,000 | 3,229,000 |
| Fixed effects | State + [Industry – Starting Year – Firm Size – Starting Wage – Starting Age – Sex] | |||||||
| Sample | All employed workers in the quarter | |||||||
| Dependent Variable: Ln(1 + Cumulative # of State Switch without Industry Switch) at | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Qtr. (1) | 8th Qtr. (2) | 12th Qtr. (3) | 16th Qtr. (4) | 20th Qtr. (5) | 24th Qtr. (6) | 28th Qtr. (7) | 32nd Qtr. (8) | |
| Panel C: Switch State but not Industry | ||||||||
| Tech × CNC score | 0.0001*** | 0.0003*** | 0.0006*** | 0.0007*** | 0.0007*** | 0.0008*** | 0.0008*** | 0.0009*** |
| (0) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0003) | |
| R-squared | 0.043 | 0.0525 | 0.0611 | 0.0685 | 0.074 | 0.0779 | 0.0814 | 0.0858 |
| Dependent Variable: Ln(1 + Cumulative # of Industry Switch without State Switch) at | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Qtr. (1) | 8th Qtr. (2) | 12th Qtr. (3) | 16th Qtr. (4) | 20th Qtr. (5) | 24th Qtr. (6) | 28th Qtr. (7) | 32nd Qtr. (8) | |
| Panel D: Switch Industry but not State | ||||||||
| Tech × CNC score | -0.0020** | -0.0050*** | -0.0074*** | -0.0101*** | -0.0125*** | -0.0141*** | -0.0168*** | -0.0193*** |
| (0.0007) | (0.0014) | (0.0022) | (0.0028) | (0.0033) | (0.0037) | (0.0038) | (0.0038) | |
| R-squared | 0.143 | 0.148 | 0.156 | 0.162 | 0.166 | 0.170 | 0.174 | 0.177 |
| Observations | 7,517,000 | 6,389,000 | 5,594,000 | 4,973,000 | 4,485,000 | 4,057,000 | 3,671,000 | 3,229,000 |
| Fixed effects | State + [Industry – Starting Year – Firm Size – Starting Wage – Starting Age – Sex] | |||||||
| Sample | All employed workers in the quarter | |||||||
Notes: This table reports the differential effect of CNC enforceability on cumulative number of state switches in Panel A, on cumulative number of industry switches in Panel B, on cumulative number of state-but-not-industry switches in Panel C, and on cumulative number of industry-but-not-state switches in Panel D, across workers’ employment history, by industry (high-tech jobs vs. nontech jobs) of the first job. The dependent variables are log (1 + cumulative number of state switches) in Panel A, log (1 + cumulative number of three-digit NAICS code switches) in Panel B, log (1 + cumulative number of state-but-not-industry-switches) in Panel C, and log (1 + cumulative number of industry- but-not-state-switches) in Panel D, at 4th,…, 32nd quarter of the workers’ employment history. CNC score is measured as the 2009 CNC enforceability index scores of the state in which the first job of the worker is geographically located in. The job-level fixed effects controls for the job characteristics of the first job of the worker. Data are from the LEHD (1991–2008). All standard errors are clustered by state.
↵* p < 0.10,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.